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Life Science 3 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

chromosomes condense for cell division to –

A

prevent breaking themselves

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2
Q

cell nucleus provides separate environments for

A

gene transcription and regulation

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3
Q

heterochromatin contains specially condensed region of DNA =

A

gene silencing

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4
Q

each chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell consists of a single, enormously long linear – along with proteins that fold and pack it

A

DNA molecule

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5
Q

T/F: in addition to packaging proteins, chromosomes are also associated with many other proteins and RNA molecules

A

true

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6
Q

the complex of DNA and tightly bound protein is called

A

chromatin

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7
Q

except for – and a few highly specialized cell types that cannot multiply and either lack DNA altogether (RBC) or have replicated with DNA w/o completing cell division (megakaryocytes) each human cell nucleus contains two copies of each chromosome, one inherited from mom and one from dad

A

gametes

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8
Q

maternal and paternal chromosomes of a pair are called

A

homologous chromosomes

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9
Q

the only non homologous chromosome pairs are the

A

sex chromosomes

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10
Q

Each human cell contains – chromosomes

A

46 (22 common + sex chromosome)

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11
Q

labeled DNA can only form base pairs or – to the chromosomes from which it was derived

A

hybridize

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12
Q

karyotypes help determine

A

abnormalities and translocations

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13
Q

karyotype

A

display of all chromosomes at mitosis

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14
Q

A short strand of nucleic acid tagged with fluorescent dye serves as a – that picks out its complementary DNA sequences, lighting up the target chromosomes at any site where it bind

A

probe

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15
Q

chromosome painting is most frequently done at – when chromosomes are especially compacted and easy to visualize

A

mitosis

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16
Q

stain chromosome with dyes that reveal a striking and reproducible pattern of bands along each –

A

mitotic chromosome

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17
Q

banding patterns of mitotic chromosomes presumably reflect – in chromatin structure

A

variations

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18
Q

human genome have a lot of – between genes that you can play with later

A

DNA interspersed

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19
Q

majority of human genes consist of a long string of alternating exons and introns with most of the gene consisting of –

A

introns

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20
Q

the majority of genes from an organism with concise genomes

A

lack introns

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21
Q

regulatory DNA is also much more – in organisms with concise genomes

A

compressed

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22
Q

regulatory DNA are – to exons and introns

A

upstream

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23
Q

exon carry info for protein, – of human genome

A

1.5%

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24
Q

– are spliced out before making proteins

A

introns

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25
Q

most pseudogenes arise from

A

duplication fo a functional gene followed by mutations

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26
Q

nucleotide pairs in human genome

A

3.2 billion

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27
Q

number of genes coding for proteins in human genome

A

21,000

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28
Q

number of no coding RNA genes in human genome

A

9000

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29
Q

percentage of DNA in other highly conserved sequences in human genome

A

3.5%

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30
Q

number of pseudogenes in human genome

A

20,000+

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31
Q

– provides a temporal separation between the duplication of chromosomes and their segregation into two daughter cells

A

cell cycle

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32
Q

each chromosome is composed of – after gene duplication

A

two sister chromatids

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33
Q

during the long – of the cell cycle, genes are expressed

A

interphase

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34
Q

In M phase, the – attaches the duplicated chromosomes to the mitotic spindle (microtubules) so that a copy of the entire genome is distributed to each daughter cell during mitosis

A

centromere

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35
Q

– attaches the centromere to the spindle

A

kinetochore

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36
Q

– form special caps at each chromosome end

A

telomere

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37
Q

chromosome’s basic functions are controlled by three types of specialized – each of which binds specific proteins that guide the machinery that replicates and segregates chromosomes

A

nucleotide sequences in the DNA

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38
Q

one type of nucleotide sequence acts as a – the location at which duplication of the DNA begins

A

DNA replication origin

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39
Q

although not as condensed as mitotic chromosomes, the DNA or human interphase chromosomes is still

A

tightly packed

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40
Q

chromosome structure is – (packaging of chromosomes is accomplished in a way that allows rapid, localized, on-demand access to DNA)

A

dynamic

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41
Q

chromatin =

A

1/3 DNA + 1/3 histone + 1/3 non-histone proteins

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42
Q

basic unit of eukaryotic chromosome structure

A

nucleosome

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43
Q

nucleosome core particle =

A

147 nucleotide pairs wrapped 1.7 times around the histone core

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44
Q

– digests linker DNA of the beads-on-a-string form of chromatin

A

nuclease

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45
Q

after dissociation with high concentration of salt the released nucelosome core particle –>

A

octameric histone core + 147 nucleotide pair DNA double helix

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46
Q

each of the core histones contain an – which is subject to several forms of covalent modification and a –

A

N-terminus tail and histone fold region

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47
Q

the histone fold contains

A

3 alpha helices

48
Q

N-terminus of core histones is important for modification which helps –

A

gene expression

49
Q

polypeptides of histones form a dimer through –

A

handshake interaction

50
Q

All eight N-terminal tails of the histones protrude from the –

A

disc shaped core structure

51
Q

the conformations of the histone N-terminus tails are – and serve as binding sites for other sets of proteins

A

highly flexible

52
Q

histone compact and protect DNA which helps in

A

gene regulation

53
Q

142 hydrogen bonds are formed between – and – in each nucleosome

A

DNA and the histone core

54
Q

interface between DNA backbone and histone core also have

A

salt linkages and hydrophobic interactions

55
Q

more than 1/5 of the amino acids in each of the core histones are either

A

Lys or Arg

56
Q

interface between DNA backbone and histone core in a nucleosome have nonspecific binding every – nucleotides

A

200

57
Q

preferred on minor groove outside

A

G-C

58
Q

preferred on minor groove inside

A

A-T

59
Q

T/F: several kinks are seen in the path of DNA around the histone due to the nonuniform surface of the core

A

true

60
Q

T/F: as a reflection of their fundamental role in DNA function through controlling chromatin structure, the histones are among the most highly conserved eukaryotic proteins

A

true

61
Q

The – is compressed on the inside of the turn as DNA makes 1.7 turns around the histone core

A

minor groove

62
Q

nucleosome sliding is catalyzed by

A

ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes

63
Q

Using the energy of ATP hydrolysis, the chromatin remodeling complex is though to – the DNA of its bound nucleosome core

A

push on

64
Q

ATP dependent chromatin remodeling complexes can also remove – and exchange –

A

remove entire nucleosome core and exchange histone dimers

65
Q

a zig-zag model for the 30 nm –

A

chromatin fiber

66
Q

single histone H1 changes the path of the DNA as it exits from the nucleosome which is thought to help –

A

compact nucleosomal DNA

67
Q

H1 core region constrains an additional – of DNA where it exits from the nucleosome core and is important for compacting chromatin

A

20 nucleotide pairs

68
Q

histone H1 is present in a – ration with nucleosome cores

A

1-to-1

69
Q

two types of chromatin in the interphase nuclei of many eukaryotic cells

A

heterochromatin and euchromatin

70
Q

descriptor for compact chromatin domains that share the common feature of being unusually resistant to gene expression

A

heterochromatin

71
Q

when euchromatin are converted to heterochromatic state, their genes are generally – as a result

A

switched off

72
Q

through chromosome breakage and rejoining, a piece of chromosome that is normally euchromatic can be – into the neighboring heterochromatin

A

translocated

73
Q

to express a gene you need a – upstream

A

promoter

74
Q

white gene in fruit fly controls – and is named after the mutation

A

eye pigment production

75
Q

wild-type flies with normal white gene have – eyes

A

red eyes

76
Q

in flies with a normal white gene has been moved near a region of heterochromatin, the eyes are – with both red and white patches

A

mottled

77
Q

early in development, when the heterochromatin is first formed, it spreads into neighboring euchromatin to – in different embryonic cells

A

different extents

78
Q

in each cell, once the heterochromatic condition is established on a piece of chromatin, it tends to be – by all of that cell’s progeny

A

stably inherited

79
Q

heterochromatin is normally prevented from spreading into adjacent regions of euchromatin by

A

barrier DNA sequences

80
Q

histone tails can be modified and regulate – associated with them

A

gene expression

81
Q

histone tails are thought to be involved in interactions between nucleosomes that help to –

A

pack them together

82
Q

methylated histone –>

A

change binding site for other proteins

83
Q

methylation of histones can be

A

silencing or activating

84
Q

acetylated histone =

A

turn on gene

85
Q

acetylation

A

lysine

86
Q

methylation

A

lysine and arginine

87
Q

phosphorylation

A

serine

88
Q

lysine can be methylated or acetylated but

A

not both at the same time

89
Q

three different levels of – can be recognized by different binding proteins and thus have different significance for the cell

A

lysine methylation

90
Q

acetylation removes – on lysine

A

plus charge

91
Q

serine phosphorylation – to a histone

A

adds a negative charge

92
Q

the H3 tail can be marked by different sets of modification that act in – to convey a specific meaning

A

combination

93
Q

reading a histone mark generally involves the – at other sites on the nucleosome along with the indicated H3 tail recognition

A

joint recognition marks

94
Q

covalent modifications and – act in concert to control chromatin function

A

histone variants

95
Q

histone variants are inserted into nucleosome at specific sites on chromosomes by – that act in concert with histone chaperone

A

chromatin remodeling complex

96
Q

reader complex =

A

protein modules that bind to specific histone modifications on nucleosome + scaffold protein

97
Q

covalent modification on histone tail

A

mark

98
Q

only a specific combination of marks will cause the – to bind to chromatin and attract the additional protein complexes needed to catalyze a biological function

A

reader complex

99
Q

T/F: only need one regulatory protein to bind to reader writer complex for the whole thing to open up

A

true

100
Q

a complex of – proteins spread specific chromatin modifications along a chromosome

A

reader and writer

101
Q

enzyme that creates a specific modification on one or more of the four nucleosomal histones

A

writer

102
Q

After its recruitment to a specific site on a chromosome by – the writer collaborates with a reader protein to spread its mark from nucleosome to nucleosome by means of the indicated reader-writer complex

A

transcription regulatory protein

103
Q

the reader must recognize the – that the writer produces

A

same histone modification mark

104
Q

the binding of the reader – the writer

A

activates

105
Q

reader-writer complex also works with – which reposition the modified nucleosome

A

ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex

106
Q

– block the spread of reader-writer complexes and separate neighboring chromatin domains

A

barrier DNA sequences

107
Q

T/F: combinations of barrier action may function at any one site

A

true

108
Q

the – of a region of chromatin to a large fixes site, such as the nuclear pore, can form a barrier that stops the spread of heterochromatin

A

tethering

109
Q

the – of barrier proteins to a group of nucleosomes can make this chromatin resistant to heterochromatin spreading

A

tight binding

110
Q

by recruiting a group of highly active – barriers can erase the histone marks that are required for heterochromatin to spread

A

histone-modifying enzymes

111
Q

chromatin structures can be – following DNA replication

A

inherited

112
Q

after chromosome duplication some of the specialized chromatin components like new heterochromatin proteins are added to regions with –

A

modified histones

113
Q

activating chromatin structures can be inherited –

A

epigenetically

114
Q

T/F: all 30,000 genes in genome are turned on in every cell

A

false

115
Q

nucleus from the region where the MyoD gene is normally turned on is inserted into an enucleated egg –> progeny cell nuclei abnormally express the MyoD protein in – of the “nuclear transplant embryo” that forms

A

non-muscle regions

116
Q

abnormal expression of MyoD protein can be attributed to the maintenance of the MyoD promoter region in its – through many cycles of cell division that produce the blastula stage embryo

A

active chromatin state

117
Q

inherited chromatin state underlies the – observed

A

epigenetic memory

Life Science 3 (20 decks)

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