Lecture 12 Flashcards
During transcription, the 4 base language of DNA is simply – into the 4 base language of RNA.
copied
During protein synthesis, the 4 base language of RNA is– into the 20-amino acid language of proteins.
translated
One DNA strand acts as a – (read in the 3’ –> 5’), determining the order in which ribonucleoside triphosphate (rNTP) monomers are polymerized to form a complementary RNA strand.
template
transcription - polymerization reaction is catalyzed by –
RNA polymerase
Polymerization involves a – by the 3’ oxygen in the growing RNA chain on the α phosphate if the next nucleotide to be added…resulting in a phosphodiester bond (energetically favorable).
nucleophilic attack
Like DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase only synthesize RNA from – direction.
5’ to 3’
DNA transcription produces – that is complementary to one strand of the DNA double helix.
a single-stranded RNA molecules
The site at which RNA polymerase begins transcription is numbered –.
+1
direction in which a template DNA strand is transcribed
downstream (+ n)
promoters are found –
upstream (-n)
T/F: both DNA strands can be used as templates for different genes
true
The direction of transcription is determined by the orientation of the – in front of each gene.
promoter
A promoter is – and binds the RNA polymerase in only one direction.
asymmetrical
RNA pol read template from
3’ to 5’
usually give – strand for promoter
nontemplate, coding
old name for a gene
cistron
1 promoter directs synthesis of 1 mRNA that can be translated to more than one polypeptide
polycistronic
1 promoter directs synthesis of 1 mRNA that usually translates to only 1 protein
monocistronic
Synthesis of Tryptophan requires – in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
5 enzymes
code for proteins
mRNA
form basic structure of ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis
rRNA
adaptor between mRNA and aa
tRNA
function in a variety of nuclear processes, including the splicing of premRNA
snRNAs (small nuclear)
help to process and chemically modify rRNAs
snoRNA (small nucleolar)
regulate gene expression by blocking translation of specific mRNAs and cause their degradation
miRNAs (micro)
turn off gene expression by directing the degradation of selective mRNAs and the establishment of compact chromatin structures; defense mechanisms against virus
siRNAs (small interfering)
