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Life Science 3 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a cell is a fundamental unit of –

A

living matter

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2
Q

all living things are made up of –

A

cells

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3
Q

what is the fundamental feature of a cell?

A

ability to reproduce successfully

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4
Q

All cells contain the same three macromolecules – to carry out their fundamental properties of life

A

DNA, RNA, and protein

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5
Q

macromolecules are

A

made up of monomers connected by covalent bonds (polymers)

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6
Q

genetic info flows from

A

DNA –> RNA –> protein

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7
Q

every time a cell divides, – occurs so that all cells should have the same DNA

A

DNA replication

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8
Q

gene expression =

A

transcription + translation

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9
Q

all cells store – in the same linear chemical code - the DNA

A

hereditary info

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10
Q

Why is DNA more suitable than RNA to carry genetic info?

A

RNA has a hydroxyl group in the 2’ position of its ribose sugar which is very reactive

DNA does not have a hydroxyl group in the 2’ position of its deoxyribose and is therefore more stable

DNA also forms a stronger double helix (while RNA is single-stranded) and the hereditary info can be replicated by templated polymerization

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11
Q

all cells replicated DNA by

A

templated polymerization

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12
Q

– provides a way to make two molecules of genetic info exactly the same

A

double-stranded

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13
Q

2 strands of a DNA double helix are pulled apart and each serves as a template fro the synthesis of a new -

A

complementary strand

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14
Q

DNA is not synthesized as a free strand in isolation but on a – formed by a preexisting DNA strand

A

template

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15
Q

during growth, eukaryotic cells continually progress through – stages of the cell cycle, generating new daughter cells

A

four

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16
Q

resting cells

A

G0

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17
Q

RNA and protein synthesis

A

G1/G2

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18
Q

DNA replication

A

S

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19
Q

Cell division

A

M

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20
Q

T/F: cell division produces two daughter cells with identical hereditary material (DNA)

A

true

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21
Q

All cells transcribe – of their hereditary information into the same intermediate form - RNA

A

portions

22
Q

template to make protein

A

RNA

23
Q

DNA is protected in the –

A

nucleus

24
Q

translation occurs in the –

A

cytoplasm

25
Q

RNA is the suitable template for proteins because

A

RNA transcripts are mass produced and disposable

26
Q

many different sets of RNA molecules can be made by – different parts of a cell’s DNA sequence

A

transcribing

27
Q

different types of cells can use the same info –

A

differently

28
Q

A nucleotide pairing between different region s of the – RNA polymer chain causes the molecule to adopt a distinctive shape

A

same

29
Q

all cells use – as catalysts

A

proteins

30
Q

like nucleic acid, proteins are long unbranched –

A

polymers

31
Q

A feedback loop that connects proteins and polynucleotides form the basis or – of living organisms

A

autocatalytic, self-reproducing behavior

32
Q

info in the sequence of mRNA is read out in 3 nucleotides at a time =

A

codon

33
Q

codon specifies a single –

A

amino acid

34
Q

T/F: There are 64 possible codon all of which occur in nature

A

true

35
Q

there are only – naturally occurring AA

A

20

36
Q

T/F: several codons correspond to the same AA

A

true

37
Q

tRNA is attached to a – at one end and an anticodon at the other end that corresponds to a particular codon in mRNA

A

amnio acid

38
Q

ribosomes are a large multi molecular machine composed of

A

protein and rRNA

39
Q

segment of the DNA sequence corresponding to a single protein or a single catalytic, regulatory, or structural RNA molecule

A

gene

40
Q

in all cells, the – are regulated

A

expression of individual genes

41
Q

stretches of – are intersperse among coding DNA

A

regulatory DNA

42
Q

totality of genetic info in the complete DNA sequence

A

genome

43
Q

Why is glucose not the main source of energy?

A

1 glucose = a lot of ATP

burn glucose –> waste a lot of energy

44
Q

– is the chemical currency of cells

A

ATP

45
Q

all cells are enclosed in a

A

plasma membrane

46
Q

membrane is formed by – phospholipid molecules

A

amphiphilic

47
Q

in an aqueous environment, phospholipids spontaneously form a lipid bilayer because it’s

A

thermodynamically favorable

48
Q

advantages of plasma membrane

A

protect cell, control what goes in and out (selectively permeable)

49
Q

phospholipids spontaneously aggregate in water to create a bilayer that forms –

A

closed vesicles

50
Q

hox genes were – during evolution

A

conserved

51
Q

Drosophila eyeless and Human Pax6 are examples of

A

conserved genes

Life Science 3 (20 decks)

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