Lecture 16

Question 1

Regulatory sequences (enhancers):

Answer 1

cis-acting elements

Question 2

A eukaryotic gene is regulated by many

Answer 2

regulatory elements and proteins

Question 3

Expression of genes are governed by the gene control region:

Answer 3

promoter and regulatory sequences

Question 4

binds to a gene’s regulatory sequences to determine where and when transcription will initiate

Answer 4

Specific DNA binding proteins

Question 5

Specific DNA binding proteins can be either

Answer 5

repressors or activators

Question 6

Regulatory elements/sequences can be found – either upstream or downstream from the promoter

Answer 6

tens of thousands of base pairs

Question 7

Genes are – in the area of chromatin condensation…by histone –

Answer 7

Genes are inactivated in the area of chromatin condensation…by histone deacetylation

Question 8

Genes can be – in areas where the chromatin is decondensed…histone –

Answer 8

Genes can be expressed in areas where the chromatin is decondensed…histone acetylation

Question 9

can bind to regulatory elements (enhancers) near or far away from the promoter region.

Answer 9

activators

Question 10

An activator can influence– of chromatin to promote RNA polymerase to bind or stabilize the preinitiation complex.

Answer 10

decondensation

Question 11

Repressors: binds to control elements (–) to promote condensation; inhibit transcription.

Answer 11

silencer

Question 12

located within 100 – 200 bp upstream of the

start site; can be cell-type specific

Answer 12

Promoter-proximal element (PE):

Question 13

Enhancers are – which can stimulate transcription from up to 50 kb from the start site

Answer 13

DNA sequences

Question 14

enhancers Can be located upstream or downstream from the start site, even within an –

Answer 14

intron

Question 15

enhancers are often cell-type specific

• Can increase transcription up to

Answer 15

1,000X

Question 16

n both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, transcriptional activators and repressors are –, composed of distinct functional domains…can function without the other

Answer 16

modular proteins

Question 17

Activation/repression domain: interacts with other proteins or .

Answer 17

another subunit of the same protein

Question 18

A specific gene is only expressed when a cell contains – of the above regulatory proteins.

Answer 18

correct combination

Question 19

Eukaryotic gene regulatory proteins ofter assemble into – on DNA

Answer 19

complexes

Question 20

– lead to different complexes, which lead to different activities.

Answer 20

Different DNA binding sequences

Question 21

T/F: A protein can be in either an activator or repressor complex

Answer 21

true

Question 22

Enhancers are composed of one or more binding sites for –

Answer 22

regulatory proteins

Question 23

Activators interact with other proteins (i.e. co-activator or mediator complex) to bring in and stabilize transcription machinery, causing the –

Answer 23

intervening DNA to loop out

Question 24

– is the molecular bridge between activators and RNA Pol II

Answer 24

Mediator

Question 25

Several DNA-bound activators can interact with a –

Answer 25

single mediator complex

Question 26

The mediator complex is a type of – which are intermediary proteins that assist the transcription activators to stimulate initiation of transcription

Answer 26

co-activator

Question 27

Subunits of a mediator can bind to –, activation domain of various activator proteins, and histone acetylation activity

Answer 27

RNA pol II

Question 28

Transcription is controlled by a variety of – that interact with specific DNA sequences.

Answer 28

regulatory proteins/transcription factors

Question 29

Whereas Mediator and general transcription factors are the same for all RNA pol II, – relative to the promoter differs for each gene

Answer 29

transcribed genes, transcription regulators, and locations of their binding sites

Question 30

Patterns of – can be inherited

Answer 30

DNA methylation

Question 31

methylated DNA is correlated with – regions of the chromosomes

Answer 31

inactive

Question 32

The most commonly methylated sequence in DNA

Answer 32

CG (cytosine iss methylated)

Question 33

DNA sequences that prevent regulatory proteins from influencing distant genes

Answer 33

insulators

Question 34

T/F: Alternative RNA splicing can produce different forms of a protein from the same gene

Answer 34

true

Question 35

38,016 different proteins could be made from this particular gene-

Answer 35

Dscam

Question 36

The phosphorylation of – slows down protein synthesis

Answer 36

eIF2

Question 37

IRES (internal ribosome entry site) provide opportunities for– control

Answer 37

translation

Question 38

IRES-dependent translation bypasses the need for 5’ cap and its initiation translation factor - .

Answer 38

eIF4E

Question 39

The IRES-dependent mechanism seen mainly in –.

Answer 39

viruses

Question 40

mRNA can be

Answer 40

translated, stored in stress granules, degraded in P-bodies

Question 41

after gradual poly-A shortening –>

Answer 41

1. continued 3’ to 5’ degradation

2. recapping followed by rapid 5’ to 3’ degradtion

Question 42

– of each mRNA is important for its half life

Answer 42

specific 3’ UTR sequence

Question 43

competition between mRNA translation and decay because

Answer 43

deadenylase that shortens the poly-A tail in the 3’ to 5’ direction also associates with 5’ cap

Question 44

mRNA degradation through microRNA (miRNA) involves

Answer 44

RISC

Answer 45

transcriptional silencing

Question 46

during mRNA degradation, – in conjunction with other complements of RISC, initially associates with both strands of miRNA and then cleaves and discards one of them

Answer 46

argonaute

Question 47

argonaute cleaves the target mRNA, causing its –

Answer 47

rapid degradation