lecture 7.2 crime prevention Flashcards
crime prevention was initial justification of what establishment in 1829
metro police
what does beccaria say about prevention of crime
prevention of crime is one of justifications of punishment
- experience or threat of punishment has deterrent effect on offending behaviour
garland argues prevention of crime is …. to policing and punishment
in addition - not simply synonymous
garland argues distinctive concept of prevention is related to
what do we need to do adapt to
-growing pessimism about capacity of policing + punishment delivering effective crime control
-need to adapt to normality of high crime rates in LMS
what does adaptation of crime prevention entail methods of
- methods of crime control which seek to manage rather than eliminate crime
- implies involvement of multiplicity of agencies beyond policies of cj
- emphasis on responsibility of private citizens to better protect themselves
what is the crisis of criminal justice (multi agency crime prevention concept)
the justice gap
reoffending
what is the justice gap
difference between estimated offences and those few offences that do come to attention of cjs and actually prosecuted
reactive logic
- criminal justice
- prosecuting on facts of suspected offender
- after facts of suspected offence
- with guilt to be proven beyond reasonable doubt before conviction
- punishment
- logic essentially individualistic focusing upon control of individuals
proactive logic
- crime prevention
- seek to pre-empt offences from occurring in first place through early interventions with individuals and groups perceived to be at risk of offending or victimised
- through social and economic policies aimed at altering environments that are conductive to o+v
beyond crime? security harm and public safety
- contrasting logics provoke ethical/ political dilemma between maintenance of due process in rule of law
vs - pre emption of allegedly predictable offences + associated harms
dilemma between protecting civil liberties from state surveillance + prevention vs preemption of harms
what is central to increasing interest and justification of preventive responses to crime and security
prevention of harm and need to control collective and not just individual behaviour
how many offences are reported to authorities
45.2%
how many offences recorded
24.3%
how many offences cleared up
5.5%
how much caution or conviction? fine/ imprisonment
3%
how much crime is sanctioned by custody/ imprisonment?
0.3%
reconviction rates damning indictment of ?
alleged deterrent, preventive effect of cjs responses to crime is causing offending behaviour that ought to be prevented
for people with more than 50 previous offences the odds of reconvcition are
36%
short prison sentences compared to community orders
- short prison sentences shown to be less effective at reducing reoffending
what distinguishes community safety from both crime prevention and crime and disorder reduction?
narrow and expansive signifiers
what are policy constructs?
concepts which arise out of and reflect often imprecise thinking of policy processes
what are social scientific constructs
concepts that arise out of social scientific attempts to provide more coherent, internally consistent, constructs of crime control beyond cj
crime prevention definition
any action taken or technique employed by private individuals and groups or public agencies aimed at prevention and reduction of damage caused by acts defined as criminal by the state
what has the predominant focus of crime prevention been on
volume personal and property crimes - reflect public fears and anxieties about street crime and disorder rather than corporate and state crimes
community safety definition
a term used in policy circles to describe a local, multi agency partnership approach to reduction of crime and disorder alongside the associated fears among local people
- more contentiously and more expansively community safety involves the promotion and achievement of public safety via community engagement and both social policy and criminal justice interventions
crime reduction definition
any measure or variety of measured aimed at reducing crime
- associated chiefly with targeted and relatively short term situational and policing measures put in place by a variety of local agencies and in line with central gov performance targets
- crime reduction is an approach that gives primacy to technical and numerical measurement and the trappings of a scientific evaluation of effectiveness
crime reduction is a what approach
more short term, pragmatic approach on managing the risks of crimes in particular situations at specific moments
situational risk management
crime reduction approach been criticised why
concept of crime control as situational risk management has been criticised for
- failing to address the root causes of crime in social relations
- simply displacing crime problems to other targets, times and situations that have not been protected
4 basic typologies of crime prevention (DAPP)
Dispositional conception
Audience conception
Population target conception
Process conception
population target conception 3 types
primary - whole population
secondary - at risk groups
tertiary - offenders and victims known to the authorities
population target conception is gleaned from what research?
public health research transposed into prevention of crime
primary prevention of crime
through measures aimed at whole population
speed cameras
secondary targeting of at risk grouops
truants and substance users who believed to be at risk of offending behaviour given strong correlation between these factors and involvement in personal and property crime
tertiary targeting offenders or victims or high crime communities known to authorities
work with prolific and priority offenders
repeat and multiple victims
crime hotspots
audience conception 3 types
offender oriented
victim oriented
community oriented
offender oriented audience conception
work at altering offending behaviour in other works such as through
- intensive supervision and surveillance programmes in which criminogenic needs of individuals are assessed
- wrap around package of measures developed for rehabilitating and reintegrating to civil society
victim oriented audience conception
seeks to prevent crime by altering vulnerability of known victims to further repeat and other multiple victimisation
community oriented audience conception
entire communities such as residents of high crime neighbourhoods believed to be vulnerable to crime, prevention oriented around
- increasing resilience and immunity of these communities
process conception 2 theories
situational crime prevention
social crime prevention
situational crime prevention - clarke
removal of opps for crime could reduce offences and not simply displace crime elsewhere
social crime prevention
counter argues situational crime prevention
- situational fails to tackle root causes of crime = human development and disadvantage
- criminal careers are shaped by transition in human development and failed by social institutions such as school etc
- rather than just immediate siutational opps for offender, desistance from criminal careers nees provision of better parental support, education, employment opps etc
dispositional conception = disposition of rival concepts of justice and risk management, specifically their:
orientations = toward offenders, victims, environments of o+v
target populations = whole populations, at risk groups, known offenders or victims
objectives = to reduce crime, to maintain public order, to provide social service
primary victims orietned
whole population
target hardening
awareness campaigns
designing out crime
secondary victims oriented
prevention measures for at risk groups
risk prediction and asssesment
tertiary victims orietned
repeat victim initiatives
victim support
compensation
reparation
primary community/ neighourhood oriented
increased formal and natural surveillance
neighbourhood watch schemes
architectural design
environmental planning
secondary community/ neighbourhood oriented
targeting at risk groups/ places and sources of conflict within community
leisure facilities
community mediation
tertiary community/ neighbourhood oriented
targeting communities with high levels of crime
hot spots
prevention as urban regeneration
primary offender oriented
citizenship programmes
education and socialisation
target hardening through increasing effort
increasing risks
and reducing rewards of crime
secondary offender oriented
work with those at risk offending
youths
unemployed
deterence
tertiary offender oriented
rehabilitation
confronting offending behaviour
aftercare
diversion programmes
primary social prevention
education and socialisation
public awareness
advertising campaigns
neighborhood watch
secondary social prevention
work with those at risk of offending
youths
unemployed
community regeneration
tertiary social prevention
rehabilitation
confronting offending behaviour
aftercare
diversion
reparation
primary situational prevention
target hardening
surveillance
opportunity reduction/ removal
environmental design
general deterrence
secondary situational prevention
target hardening and design measures for at risk groups
risk prediction and assessment deterrence
tertiary situational prevention
individual deterrence
incapacitation
assessment of dangerousness and risk
criminal justice rules of meaning and membership
prevention about enforcement of criminal law by supporting prosecution and sanctioning offences against this law
prevention is a reaction to offences already committed
restorative justice rules of meaning and membership
prevention accomplished through negotiation of reparations between offenders and victims through deliberate attempts to circumvent the cj process involving key actors from civil society including faith organisations
social justice rules of meaning and membership
prevention accomplished through use of social and economic policies to address problems of social and political exclusion of citizens that are in turn believed to cause social conflicts including criminal victimisation and civil unrest
managing the risks of opps for crime and disorder
prevention accomplished by reducing situational opps for crime and by increasing risk and effort of offending behaviour whilst reducing its rewards
managing the risks of criminal careers
prevention is accomplished through early interventions with groups at risk of embarking on offending careers and through desistance programmes for prolific and priority offenders
key characteristics of maintenance regimes
maintenance of cj as principal policy response to crime notwithstanding severe criticism of the ineffectiveness of puntivie, offender-oriented, agendas
key characteristics of developmental regimes
cj policy remains principal response to crime but is augmented by forms of risk management
key characterisitcs of reformist regimes
cj policy is reformed to place greater emphasis on diversion of offender and victims away frm cj and penal process and towards civil remedies, including reparation and other forms of restorative justice
key characteristics of transformative regimes
cj policy replaced as principal policy response by a social justice agenda on crime that focuses on social and economic conditions that generate offending, victimisation and civil unrest
- in particular gross social and economic inequalities and exclusion of social groups from effective political participation
key characteristics of failed regimes
a situation in which the policy response to crime drifts as rival agendas cancel each other out and as other challenges inhibit the stabilisation of policy agendas, including severe reductions in public services
