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responses to crime mcqs > lecture 7.2 crime prevention > Flashcards

lecture 7.2 crime prevention Flashcards

1
Q

crime prevention was initial justification of what establishment in 1829

A

metro police

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2
Q

what does beccaria say about prevention of crime

A

prevention of crime is one of justifications of punishment
- experience or threat of punishment has deterrent effect on offending behaviour

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3
Q

garland argues prevention of crime is …. to policing and punishment

A

in addition - not simply synonymous

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4
Q

garland argues distinctive concept of prevention is related to
what do we need to do adapt to

A

-growing pessimism about capacity of policing + punishment delivering effective crime control
-need to adapt to normality of high crime rates in LMS

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5
Q

what does adaptation of crime prevention entail methods of

A
  • methods of crime control which seek to manage rather than eliminate crime
  • implies involvement of multiplicity of agencies beyond policies of cj
  • emphasis on responsibility of private citizens to better protect themselves
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6
Q

what is the crisis of criminal justice (multi agency crime prevention concept)

A

the justice gap
reoffending

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7
Q

what is the justice gap

A

difference between estimated offences and those few offences that do come to attention of cjs and actually prosecuted

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8
Q

reactive logic

A
  • criminal justice
  • prosecuting on facts of suspected offender
  • after facts of suspected offence
  • with guilt to be proven beyond reasonable doubt before conviction
  • punishment
  • logic essentially individualistic focusing upon control of individuals
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9
Q

proactive logic

A
  • crime prevention
  • seek to pre-empt offences from occurring in first place through early interventions with individuals and groups perceived to be at risk of offending or victimised
  • through social and economic policies aimed at altering environments that are conductive to o+v
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10
Q

beyond crime? security harm and public safety

A
  • contrasting logics provoke ethical/ political dilemma between maintenance of due process in rule of law
    vs
  • pre emption of allegedly predictable offences + associated harms

dilemma between protecting civil liberties from state surveillance + prevention vs preemption of harms

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11
Q

what is central to increasing interest and justification of preventive responses to crime and security

A

prevention of harm and need to control collective and not just individual behaviour

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12
Q

how many offences are reported to authorities

A

45.2%

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13
Q

how many offences recorded

A

24.3%

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14
Q

how many offences cleared up

A

5.5%

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15
Q

how much caution or conviction? fine/ imprisonment

A

3%

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16
Q

how much crime is sanctioned by custody/ imprisonment?

A

0.3%

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17
Q

reconviction rates damning indictment of ?

A

alleged deterrent, preventive effect of cjs responses to crime is causing offending behaviour that ought to be prevented

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18
Q

for people with more than 50 previous offences the odds of reconvcition are

A

36%

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19
Q

short prison sentences compared to community orders

A
  • short prison sentences shown to be less effective at reducing reoffending
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20
Q

what distinguishes community safety from both crime prevention and crime and disorder reduction?

A

narrow and expansive signifiers

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21
Q

what are policy constructs?

A

concepts which arise out of and reflect often imprecise thinking of policy processes

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22
Q

what are social scientific constructs

A

concepts that arise out of social scientific attempts to provide more coherent, internally consistent, constructs of crime control beyond cj

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23
Q

crime prevention definition

A

any action taken or technique employed by private individuals and groups or public agencies aimed at prevention and reduction of damage caused by acts defined as criminal by the state

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24
Q

what has the predominant focus of crime prevention been on

A

volume personal and property crimes - reflect public fears and anxieties about street crime and disorder rather than corporate and state crimes

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25
Q

community safety definition

A

a term used in policy circles to describe a local, multi agency partnership approach to reduction of crime and disorder alongside the associated fears among local people
- more contentiously and more expansively community safety involves the promotion and achievement of public safety via community engagement and both social policy and criminal justice interventions

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26
Q

crime reduction definition

A

any measure or variety of measured aimed at reducing crime
- associated chiefly with targeted and relatively short term situational and policing measures put in place by a variety of local agencies and in line with central gov performance targets
- crime reduction is an approach that gives primacy to technical and numerical measurement and the trappings of a scientific evaluation of effectiveness

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27
Q

crime reduction is a what approach

A

more short term, pragmatic approach on managing the risks of crimes in particular situations at specific moments
situational risk management

28
Q

crime reduction approach been criticised why

A

concept of crime control as situational risk management has been criticised for
- failing to address the root causes of crime in social relations
- simply displacing crime problems to other targets, times and situations that have not been protected

29
Q

4 basic typologies of crime prevention (DAPP)

A

Dispositional conception
Audience conception
Population target conception
Process conception

30
Q

population target conception 3 types

A

primary - whole population
secondary - at risk groups
tertiary - offenders and victims known to the authorities

31
Q

population target conception is gleaned from what research?

A

public health research transposed into prevention of crime

32
Q

primary prevention of crime

A

through measures aimed at whole population
speed cameras

33
Q

secondary targeting of at risk grouops

A

truants and substance users who believed to be at risk of offending behaviour given strong correlation between these factors and involvement in personal and property crime

34
Q

tertiary targeting offenders or victims or high crime communities known to authorities

A

work with prolific and priority offenders
repeat and multiple victims
crime hotspots

35
Q

audience conception 3 types

A

offender oriented
victim oriented
community oriented

36
Q

offender oriented audience conception

A

work at altering offending behaviour in other works such as through
- intensive supervision and surveillance programmes in which criminogenic needs of individuals are assessed
- wrap around package of measures developed for rehabilitating and reintegrating to civil society

37
Q

victim oriented audience conception

A

seeks to prevent crime by altering vulnerability of known victims to further repeat and other multiple victimisation

38
Q

community oriented audience conception

A

entire communities such as residents of high crime neighbourhoods believed to be vulnerable to crime, prevention oriented around
- increasing resilience and immunity of these communities

39
Q

process conception 2 theories

A

situational crime prevention
social crime prevention

40
Q

situational crime prevention - clarke

A

removal of opps for crime could reduce offences and not simply displace crime elsewhere

41
Q

social crime prevention

A

counter argues situational crime prevention
- situational fails to tackle root causes of crime = human development and disadvantage
- criminal careers are shaped by transition in human development and failed by social institutions such as school etc
- rather than just immediate siutational opps for offender, desistance from criminal careers nees provision of better parental support, education, employment opps etc

42
Q

dispositional conception = disposition of rival concepts of justice and risk management, specifically their:

A

orientations = toward offenders, victims, environments of o+v

target populations = whole populations, at risk groups, known offenders or victims

objectives = to reduce crime, to maintain public order, to provide social service

43
Q

primary victims orietned

A

whole population
target hardening
awareness campaigns
designing out crime

44
Q

secondary victims oriented

A

prevention measures for at risk groups
risk prediction and asssesment

45
Q

tertiary victims orietned

A

repeat victim initiatives
victim support
compensation
reparation

46
Q

primary community/ neighourhood oriented

A

increased formal and natural surveillance
neighbourhood watch schemes
architectural design
environmental planning

47
Q

secondary community/ neighbourhood oriented

A

targeting at risk groups/ places and sources of conflict within community
leisure facilities
community mediation

48
Q

tertiary community/ neighbourhood oriented

A

targeting communities with high levels of crime
hot spots
prevention as urban regeneration

49
Q

primary offender oriented

A

citizenship programmes
education and socialisation
target hardening through increasing effort
increasing risks
and reducing rewards of crime

50
Q

secondary offender oriented

A

work with those at risk offending
youths
unemployed
deterence

51
Q

tertiary offender oriented

A

rehabilitation
confronting offending behaviour
aftercare
diversion programmes

52
Q

primary social prevention

A

education and socialisation
public awareness
advertising campaigns
neighborhood watch

53
Q

secondary social prevention

A

work with those at risk of offending
youths
unemployed
community regeneration

54
Q

tertiary social prevention

A

rehabilitation
confronting offending behaviour
aftercare
diversion
reparation

55
Q

primary situational prevention

A

target hardening
surveillance
opportunity reduction/ removal
environmental design
general deterrence

56
Q

secondary situational prevention

A

target hardening and design measures for at risk groups
risk prediction and assessment deterrence

57
Q

tertiary situational prevention

A

individual deterrence
incapacitation
assessment of dangerousness and risk

58
Q

criminal justice rules of meaning and membership

A

prevention about enforcement of criminal law by supporting prosecution and sanctioning offences against this law
prevention is a reaction to offences already committed

59
Q

restorative justice rules of meaning and membership

A

prevention accomplished through negotiation of reparations between offenders and victims through deliberate attempts to circumvent the cj process involving key actors from civil society including faith organisations

60
Q

social justice rules of meaning and membership

A

prevention accomplished through use of social and economic policies to address problems of social and political exclusion of citizens that are in turn believed to cause social conflicts including criminal victimisation and civil unrest

61
Q

managing the risks of opps for crime and disorder

A

prevention accomplished by reducing situational opps for crime and by increasing risk and effort of offending behaviour whilst reducing its rewards

62
Q

managing the risks of criminal careers

A

prevention is accomplished through early interventions with groups at risk of embarking on offending careers and through desistance programmes for prolific and priority offenders

63
Q

key characteristics of maintenance regimes

A

maintenance of cj as principal policy response to crime notwithstanding severe criticism of the ineffectiveness of puntivie, offender-oriented, agendas

64
Q

key characteristics of developmental regimes

A

cj policy remains principal response to crime but is augmented by forms of risk management

65
Q

key characterisitcs of reformist regimes

A

cj policy is reformed to place greater emphasis on diversion of offender and victims away frm cj and penal process and towards civil remedies, including reparation and other forms of restorative justice

66
Q

key characteristics of transformative regimes

A

cj policy replaced as principal policy response by a social justice agenda on crime that focuses on social and economic conditions that generate offending, victimisation and civil unrest
- in particular gross social and economic inequalities and exclusion of social groups from effective political participation

67
Q

key characteristics of failed regimes

A

a situation in which the policy response to crime drifts as rival agendas cancel each other out and as other challenges inhibit the stabilisation of policy agendas, including severe reductions in public services

responses to crime mcqs (14 decks)

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