lecture 4.1 prisons

Question 1

what did legislative and penal policy changes lead to? what strategies did this require?

Answer 1

• more and longer prison sentences, requiring adaptive and sovereign state strategies

Question 2

indictable offences: avergae prison sentence in 2008

Answer 2

31.7 months

Question 3

indictable offences: average prison sentences in 2022

Answer 3

61.1 months

Question 4

what did redefining success do? rise of …. to a… position (rutherford, bennet)

Answer 4

• rise of expedient managerialism to a central emblematic position
• commercialisation of justice: privatision

Question 5

what is punitive segregation and relocation and redefining responsibilities stand for? feeley and simon 1992

Answer 5

the new penology

Question 6

how much did the prison population increasebetween 1990-2020?

Answer 6

70%

Question 7

key event in 1990

Answer 7

• strangeways riot/ woolf report
• expensive way of making bad people worse

Question 8

key events in 1995-2000

Answer 8

• impact of prison works
• unlawful sacking of DG lewis
• woodcock and learmont reports

Question 9

key event 2004 to 2008

Answer 9

impact of CJA 2003

Question 10

key event 2012

Answer 10

impact of august 2011 riots

Question 11

key event 2020

Answer 11

impact of covid 19 on offending and CJS

Question 12

key event 2023

Answer 12

courts working through covid backlog

Question 13

what was the 1980s ‘rolling back the state’ ?

Answer 13

political desire to curtail power of trade unions and to import private sector practices and values into public sector

Question 14

what act privatised prisons?

Answer 14

CJ act 1991 s84 amendment
- 15-25 year contracts: ave £4 bn
- service level agreements (SLAs)

Question 15

what did the 2003 carter report to NOMS 2004-17 do?

Answer 15

• commissioning and contestability for correctional services
• no public sector prisons built from 1992 until HMP berwyn 2017
• but also lack of private sector interest in bidding for some prisons

Question 16

managerialism of prisons

Answer 16

• performance management and target setting, linked to resourcing
• Key performance indicators, key performance targets, weighted scorecard, star ratings, league tables
• HMIP expectations and inspections, MQPL survey for prisoners and staff, Independent monitoring boards, National audit office, and internal audits

Question 17

what was the 2013 managerialism quote
what per cent of cuts to HMPS budget did it bring?

Answer 17

new ways of working
- core day, benchmarking for regime and staffing
- alongside 24% cut to HMPS budget

Question 18

key issues in privatisation of prisons

Answer 18

• allocation vs delivert of punishment
• promotion of competition and innovation
• some higher standards and better regimes
• modernisation of prison estate
• SLAs ensure strong focus on meeting targets
• customer focused staff

Question 19

what did key issues of privatisation bring due to the profit motive?

Answer 19

• profit motive and its implications
• removes economic and financial constraints on prison expansion and prison numbers

Question 20

shaw 1989:51 stated?

Answer 20

‘the opponents of privatisation have to be careful not to be defenders of public squalor’

Question 21

RS: percentage of reoffending if imprisoned for more than 1 year?
percentage of reoffending within 2 months of release?

Answer 21

63% reoffending
49% reoffend within 2 months of release

Question 22

RS: estimate of how many prisoners used drugs?

Answer 22

• est 1 in 3 using bird killer
• potential to ‘game’ mandatory drug tests

Question 23

RS: did offending behaviour programmes in prisons work?

Answer 23

• key performance indicator for completion rates
• but long term effects unproven e.g. sex offender treatment

Question 24

RS: KPI abandoned in 2004 but HMIP 2021-22 believed what percentage of prisons. inspected not achieved recommendations to improve?

Answer 24

85%

Question 25

what year was KPI for self inflicted deaths abandoned?

Answer 25

2008

Question 26

what percentage of cuts for experienced operational staff 2010-17?

Answer 26

25%

Question 27

punitive segregation sovereign state strategy?

Answer 27

to punish and exclude through lengthy prison sentences

Question 28

what did the new penology give to rise to in punitive segregation?

Answer 28

rise of risk assessment and management

Question 29

what is actuarial justice in punitive segregation?

Answer 29

to identify, classify and manage dangerous classes as aggregates

Question 30

was there an expectation of rehabilitation in punitive segregation?

Answer 30

• no
• crime made tolerable through systemic coordination and incapaciation

Question 31

what does instrumental and expressive punitive segregation mean?

Answer 31

prioritises public protection but also allows for symbolic condemnation, denial and acting out

Question 32

what has ensured sustained growth in prison population?

Answer 32

penal policy

Question 33

what has expedient managerialism done?
what does garland state about outputs and outcomes

Answer 33

helped foster privatisation and continues to ensure the importance of performance management, redefining the success of punishment
‘to measure outputs rather than outcomes, what the organisation does, rather than what, if anything, it achieves’

Question 34

what do prisoners need to demonstrate?

Answer 34

need to demonstrate not rehabilitation as such but reduced risk through responsibilized self-governance