lecture 4.1 prisons Flashcards
what did legislative and penal policy changes lead to? what strategies did this require?
- more and longer prison sentences, requiring adaptive and sovereign state strategies
indictable offences: avergae prison sentence in 2008
31.7 months
indictable offences: average prison sentences in 2022
61.1 months
what did redefining success do? rise of …. to a… position (rutherford, bennet)
- rise of expedient managerialism to a central emblematic position
- commercialisation of justice: privatision
what is punitive segregation and relocation and redefining responsibilities stand for? feeley and simon 1992
the new penology
how much did the prison population increasebetween 1990-2020?
70%
key event in 1990
- strangeways riot/ woolf report
- expensive way of making bad people worse
key events in 1995-2000
- impact of prison works
- unlawful sacking of DG lewis
- woodcock and learmont reports
key event 2004 to 2008
impact of CJA 2003
key event 2012
impact of august 2011 riots
key event 2020
impact of covid 19 on offending and CJS
key event 2023
courts working through covid backlog
what was the 1980s ‘rolling back the state’ ?
political desire to curtail power of trade unions and to import private sector practices and values into public sector
what act privatised prisons?
CJ act 1991 s84 amendment
- 15-25 year contracts: ave £4 bn
- service level agreements (SLAs)
what did the 2003 carter report to NOMS 2004-17 do?
- commissioning and contestability for correctional services
- no public sector prisons built from 1992 until HMP berwyn 2017
- but also lack of private sector interest in bidding for some prisons
managerialism of prisons
- performance management and target setting, linked to resourcing
- Key performance indicators, key performance targets, weighted scorecard, star ratings, league tables
- HMIP expectations and inspections, MQPL survey for prisoners and staff, Independent monitoring boards, National audit office, and internal audits
what was the 2013 managerialism quote
what per cent of cuts to HMPS budget did it bring?
new ways of working
- core day, benchmarking for regime and staffing
- alongside 24% cut to HMPS budget
key issues in privatisation of prisons
- allocation vs delivert of punishment
- promotion of competition and innovation
- some higher standards and better regimes
- modernisation of prison estate
- SLAs ensure strong focus on meeting targets
- customer focused staff
what did key issues of privatisation bring due to the profit motive?
- profit motive and its implications
- removes economic and financial constraints on prison expansion and prison numbers
shaw 1989:51 stated?
‘the opponents of privatisation have to be careful not to be defenders of public squalor’
RS: percentage of reoffending if imprisoned for more than 1 year?
percentage of reoffending within 2 months of release?
63% reoffending
49% reoffend within 2 months of release
RS: estimate of how many prisoners used drugs?
- est 1 in 3 using bird killer
- potential to ‘game’ mandatory drug tests
RS: did offending behaviour programmes in prisons work?
- key performance indicator for completion rates
- but long term effects unproven e.g. sex offender treatment
RS: KPI abandoned in 2004 but HMIP 2021-22 believed what percentage of prisons. inspected not achieved recommendations to improve?
85%
what year was KPI for self inflicted deaths abandoned?
2008
what percentage of cuts for experienced operational staff 2010-17?
25%
punitive segregation sovereign state strategy?
to punish and exclude through lengthy prison sentences
what did the new penology give to rise to in punitive segregation?
rise of risk assessment and management
what is actuarial justice in punitive segregation?
to identify, classify and manage dangerous classes as aggregates
was there an expectation of rehabilitation in punitive segregation?
- no
- crime made tolerable through systemic coordination and incapaciation
what does instrumental and expressive punitive segregation mean?
prioritises public protection but also allows for symbolic condemnation, denial and acting out
what has ensured sustained growth in prison population?
penal policy
what has expedient managerialism done?
what does garland state about outputs and outcomes
helped foster privatisation and continues to ensure the importance of performance management, redefining the success of punishment
‘to measure outputs rather than outcomes, what the organisation does, rather than what, if anything, it achieves’
what do prisoners need to demonstrate?
need to demonstrate not rehabilitation as such but reduced risk through responsibilized self-governance
