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responses to crime MCQs > lecture 3.2 - probation > Flashcards

lecture 3.2 - probation Flashcards

1
Q

what has punitive control in probation changed socially?

A

from social care to social control

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2
Q

what does garland 2001 177 say about punitive control and what it did to probation service?

A

formerly ‘the exemplary instance of the penal-welfare approach to crime control’
and now ‘much more conflicted and much less secure’

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3
Q

what is the commercialisation of justice in probation?

A
  • managerialism and the loss of some professional discretion
  • failure of transforming rehabilitation (TR) and its ongoing consequences
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4
Q

what is probation work (community offender manager) since june 2021?

A
  • all offenders on community orders
  • all offenders on licence
  • PSRs and parole reports
  • breaches
  • unpaid work
  • OPBs and structured interventions
  • victim liasion
  • approved premises
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5
Q

CJA 2003 s177 states?

A

community order

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6
Q

how many people on all forms of superivison in 2022? what percent are women?

A

241,000
8% women

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7
Q

penal welfarism/ probation superivision up to 1980s had what type of MANAGER compared to criminal justice/ offender management from 1990s?

A

1980s = client, service user/ probation officer
1990s = offender/ offender manager

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8
Q

penal welfarism/ probation superivision up to 1980s had what type of QUALIFICATION compared to criminal justice/ offender management from 1990s?

A

1980s = social work qualification
1990s = probation qualification

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9
Q

penal welfarism/ probation superivision up to 1980s had what MOTO and STYLE FOR PUNITIVE CONTROL compared to criminal justice/ offender management from 1990s?

A

1980s = ‘advise, assist and befriend’ :guidance and support, considerable professional discretionary, lengthy individual casework
1990s = ‘assess, protect and change’: punishment, supervision and enforcement, limited discretion, group work, check ins

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10
Q

penal welfarism/ probation superivision up to 1980s had what type of SUPERVISION compared to criminal justice/ offender management from 1990s?

A

1980s = consent, voluntary supervision
1990s = compulsion, statutory supervision

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11
Q

penal welfarism/ probation superivision up to 1980s had what VIEWS ON REHABILITATION compared to criminal justice/ offender management from 1990s?

A

1980s = Rehabilitation as humanistic, rights based: structural responsibilities, social justice
1990s = rehabilitation as utilitarian, reduced reoffending: individual responsibility

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12
Q

penal welfarism/ probation superivision up to 1980s had what type of MANAGEMENT AND NATIONALITY LEVEL compared to criminal justice/ offender management from 1990s?

A

1980s = localised and individualised practice, independent from central government
1990s = national-level standardisation and required conformity

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13
Q

what values and ideals stayed the same between 1980s to change in 1990s for punitive control in probation?

A

occupational culture continues to adhere to
-public sector values
-the probation ideal, and
- people work

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14
Q

what political rhetoric emphasises public perceptions for the lack of toughness of non custodial punishments and why?

A

‘acting out’ by ‘toughening up’
- lack of toughness of non-custodial punishments superior effectiveness compared to short prison sentences

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15
Q

what percent of supervision orders successfully completed?

A

3/4

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16
Q

what percent on superivisonal probation reoffend within 1 year compared to percent of prisoners

A

56% probation compared to 63% prisoners

17
Q

what is there relative invisibility of in the CJS and why ?

A
  • the little debate or public awareness of transforming rehabilitation
  • successes not newsworthy enough: only failures
18
Q

how is probation influenced by managerialism?

A
  • statement of national objectives and priorities
  • target setting, performance measurement - league tables
  • national standards 1992
  • effective practice initiative 1998
  • national probation service 2001
19
Q

what did the national standards 1992 do for probation service?

A
  • quality assurance = monitoring of standards
  • consistency and accountability for any deviation
20
Q

what did the effective practice iniative 1998 do for probation service?

A
  • objective meta analyses
  • ‘nothing works’ to ‘what works’
  • accreditation panels for approved interventions
21
Q

what did the national probation service 2001 do for probation service?

A

-protecting the public: OASys and ‘matching input to risk’
- MAPPAs

22
Q

what act stated the advent of privatisation for prisons?

A

CJ act 1991

23
Q

what happened in the advent of privatisation for national offender management service 2004 ?

A
  • ‘end to end offender management, breaking down the silos’
  • to prevent dangerous offenders ‘falling through the cracks’
  • new roles: offender managers and offender supervisors
  • purchaser/ provider split: commissioning of probation services
24
Q

what replaced NOMS in 2017?

A

HMPPS

25
Q

what 3 things was transforming rehabilitation aiming to do?

A
  • to encourage competition, innovation and efficiency
26
Q

what did TR do to change probation service?

A
  • payment by results scheme to encourage innovation in rehabilitation
  • statutory supervision for more than 12 months
  • resettlement prisons and renewed focus on through the gate services
27
Q

what statutory supervisions accompanies the TR?

A

the offender rehabilitation act 2014

28
Q

difference between National probation service (NPS) and community rehabilitation companies (CRCs)?

A

NPS =
- probation qualifications
- civil servants

CRCs =
-appropriate levels of training and competence
- employees

29
Q

what was the failure of TR?

A
  • underperformance of two tier and fragmented services
  • no pilots to test feasibility
  • higher than predicted NPS caseload = staff burnout
  • experienced CRC staff felt de-skilled
  • inexperienced CRC staff gave some poor quality supervision
  • CRCs sometimes gaming the system for financial reasons
  • CRCs not as profitable, or innovative, as anticipated
30
Q

what did HMIP 2017:12 state?

A

none of the governments stated aspirations for TR had been met in any meaningful way

31
Q

what happened 2021+ for TR?

A

innovation partners to deliver some support services

32
Q

what continuing consequences are there for the failure of TR?

A
  • probation service severely understaffed
  • excessive workloads: inadequate supervision
  • 500 serious further offences each year
33
Q

consequences for understaffed probation service

A
  • ongoing recruitment but retention difficulties
  • high sickness rates for stress
34
Q

consequences for excessive workloads and inadaquate supervision

A
  • delays in assigning offenders to a named PO/ COM
  • failure to ensure appropriate release conditions
  • incorrect assessment of risk, offending seen in isolation
  • lack of professional curiosity
  • failure to recall to prison promptly
35
Q

concluding thoughts on probation service

A
  • probation has evolved from welfarism to justice models, influenced by managerialist practices
  • expressive toughening up of probation and efforts to restore public confidence in community penalties
36
Q

what did TR and part-privatisation reproduce?

A
  • reproduced pre-NOMS ‘silos’ making reoffending more likely
  • newly reunified probation service faces considerable challenges

responses to crime MCQs (14 decks)

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