lecture 1 - garlands culture of control Flashcards
when was penal welfarism most prominent?
early 1800s to 1970s
what are they key themes in garlands chapter ‘a history of the present’?
- penal welfarism
- transformation to a ‘culture of control’
key themes in penal welfarism (1800s to 1970s)?
- rehabilitation of offenders the core principle of penal system
- political consensus
- the role of penal experts
what underpinned penal welfarism?
- low crime rates
- community cohesion
- full employment
what was the role of penal experts in penal welfarism instead of? 1800s-1970s
the role of penal experts rather than politicians of the public
key themes in the transformation to a ‘culture of control’?
- high levels of crime and insecurity
- loss of faith in penal experts and rehabilitation
- a policy predicament
- paradoxical/ contrasting responses of populism and managerialism
what underpinned the transformation to a culture of control?
- all underpinned by a shift in deeper social/ economic structures and cultural sensibilities about crime and punishment
- high crime rates
- community breakdown
- individualism
- unemployment
- inequality
when was the era of penal welfarism?
1945-1970
what were the key characteristiccs of the era of penal welfarism?
- the rehabilitative ideal as core principle of the penal system
- faith in criminal justice experts
- limited influence for politicians and public opinion on penal policy
- political consensus on crime and punishment
- general belief in the efficacy of state crime control
what are the 3 foundational conditions of penal welfarism?
- political-economic conditions
- social conditions
- theoretical conditions (dominant ways of thinking about crime)
what are the political-economic conditions of penal welfarism?
- welfare-capitalism
- economic management and social policy to attack major problems of inequality (poverty, bad health, poor education, poor housing etc)
what is welfare capitalism?
is a business favoured policy that believes the private sector can provide social welfare programs more effectively than the federal government
social conditions for penal welfarism?
-stable/ falling crime rates
- full employment
- stable family structures
- cohesive communities
- informal social controls
what are the theoretical conditions for penal welfarism?
- positivist theories of crime causation
e.g. - strain theory
- social disorganisation theory
- psychological theories
what is garlands first indices of change?
the decline of the rehabilitative ideal
what is g second indices of change?
the re-emmergence of punitive sanctions and expressive justice
what is g third indices of change?
changes in the emotional tone of crime policy
what is g fourth indices of change?
focusing on the victim
what is g fifth indices of change?
above all the public must be protected
what is g sixth indices of change?
politicisation and populism
what is g seventh indices of change?
the reinvention of the prison
what is g eighth indices of change?
the transformation of criminological thought
what is g ninth indices of change?
the expanding infrastructure of crime prevention and community safety
what is g 10th indices of change?
civil society and the commercialisation of crime control
what is g eleventh indices of change?
new management styles and working practices
what is g 12th indices of change?
a perpetual sense of crisis
what were the political conditions in garlands culture of control?
the attack on welfare capitalism
- neoliberalism and the new right
- conservative dominance and reinvention of the left
- economic liberalism
- moral authoritarianism
- the politicisation of crime and punishment
- the role of the mass media
what is neoliberalism? what is it contemporarily used to refer to?
market-oriented reform policies such as “eliminating price controls
deregulating capital markets
lowering trade barriers
and reducing, especially through privatization and austerity, state influence in the economy.
what is economic liberalism?
based on principles of personal liberty, private property and limited government interference
what were the social conditions in new culture of control?
- unemployment and economic recession
- changes in family structures
- social and spatial mobility: the eroding of community
- new middle class insecurity
- rapidly rising crime rates
what theoretical conditions underpinned the new culture of control?
- the aetiological crisis - nothing works
- criminologies of everyday life - risk management and rational choice theories
- criminologies of the other - the dangerous other
what are the policy predicaments in crime control?
- high crime rates as a normal social fact
- the limits of the criminal justice state and the myth of sovereign crime control
- the public demand/ expect the state to ensure crime control/ security but the state cannot deliver
what 3 adaptive ideologies for crime control?
- accept that the war on crime is unwinnable, crime is an inevitable feature of contemporary life
- treat crime as an everyday risk to be managed, rather than an enemy to be defeated
- develop pragmatic instrumental approaches to manage/ reduce crime in more efficient and less costly ways
features of adaptation
- professionalisation and the rationalisation of criminal justice
- the commercialisation of justice
- defining deviance down
- redefining success
- concentrate upon consequences
- relocating and redefining responsibilities
what is the professionalisation and rationalisation of justice referring to
rise of technology
systemisation and rationalisation of criminal justice
what is the commercialisation of justice ?
- managerialism - cjs to be more business like
- privatisation
what is redefining success?
from outcomes to outputs - an economy of efficiency
what is concentrating upon consequences?
- fear of crime
- customer satisfaction
what is relocating and redefining responsibilities?
- responsibilisation below, beyond and above
- steering but not rowing
what is punitive control strategies?
- respond to predicament by denying it - especially politicians
- reactivate and embrace the myth of sovereign state crime control
- engage in emotional rituals of condemnation and punishment - ‘acting out’
what 2 features of punitive control are there?
- expressive responses
- punitive segregation
what are expressive responses in punitive control?
- denying the myth (of limits to the sovereign power to control crime)
- restoring faith in cjs
- tough political rhetoric and soundbites and emotional tone
-crime and punishment as a key political battleground - privileging of public opinion
what is punitive segregation?
- greater use of custody overall
- longer sentences/ indeterminate sentences
- focus on incapacitation of dangerous and / or repeat offenders
- mass incarceration
