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responses to crime mcqs > lecture 1 - garlands culture of control > Flashcards

lecture 1 - garlands culture of control Flashcards

1
Q

when was penal welfarism most prominent?

A

early 1800s to 1970s

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2
Q

what are they key themes in garlands chapter ‘a history of the present’?

A
  1. penal welfarism
  2. transformation to a ‘culture of control’
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3
Q

key themes in penal welfarism (1800s to 1970s)?

A
  • rehabilitation of offenders the core principle of penal system
  • political consensus
  • the role of penal experts
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4
Q

what underpinned penal welfarism?

A
  • low crime rates
  • community cohesion
  • full employment
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5
Q

what was the role of penal experts in penal welfarism instead of? 1800s-1970s

A

the role of penal experts rather than politicians of the public

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6
Q

key themes in the transformation to a ‘culture of control’?

A
  • high levels of crime and insecurity
  • loss of faith in penal experts and rehabilitation
  • a policy predicament
  • paradoxical/ contrasting responses of populism and managerialism
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7
Q

what underpinned the transformation to a culture of control?

A
  • all underpinned by a shift in deeper social/ economic structures and cultural sensibilities about crime and punishment
  • high crime rates
  • community breakdown
  • individualism
  • unemployment
  • inequality
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8
Q

when was the era of penal welfarism?

A

1945-1970

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9
Q

what were the key characteristiccs of the era of penal welfarism?

A
  • the rehabilitative ideal as core principle of the penal system
  • faith in criminal justice experts
  • limited influence for politicians and public opinion on penal policy
  • political consensus on crime and punishment
  • general belief in the efficacy of state crime control
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10
Q

what are the 3 foundational conditions of penal welfarism?

A
  • political-economic conditions
  • social conditions
  • theoretical conditions (dominant ways of thinking about crime)
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11
Q

what are the political-economic conditions of penal welfarism?

A
  • welfare-capitalism
  • economic management and social policy to attack major problems of inequality (poverty, bad health, poor education, poor housing etc)
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12
Q

what is welfare capitalism?

A

is a business favoured policy that believes the private sector can provide social welfare programs more effectively than the federal government

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13
Q

social conditions for penal welfarism?

A

-stable/ falling crime rates
- full employment
- stable family structures
- cohesive communities
- informal social controls

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14
Q

what are the theoretical conditions for penal welfarism?

A
  • positivist theories of crime causation
    e.g.
  • strain theory
  • social disorganisation theory
  • psychological theories
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15
Q

what is garlands first indices of change?

A

the decline of the rehabilitative ideal

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16
Q

what is g second indices of change?

A

the re-emmergence of punitive sanctions and expressive justice

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17
Q

what is g third indices of change?

A

changes in the emotional tone of crime policy

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18
Q

what is g fourth indices of change?

A

focusing on the victim

19
Q

what is g fifth indices of change?

A

above all the public must be protected

20
Q

what is g sixth indices of change?

A

politicisation and populism

21
Q

what is g seventh indices of change?

A

the reinvention of the prison

22
Q

what is g eighth indices of change?

A

the transformation of criminological thought

23
Q

what is g ninth indices of change?

A

the expanding infrastructure of crime prevention and community safety

24
Q

what is g 10th indices of change?

A

civil society and the commercialisation of crime control

25
Q

what is g eleventh indices of change?

A

new management styles and working practices

26
Q

what is g 12th indices of change?

A

a perpetual sense of crisis

27
Q

what were the political conditions in garlands culture of control?

A

the attack on welfare capitalism
- neoliberalism and the new right
- conservative dominance and reinvention of the left
- economic liberalism
- moral authoritarianism
- the politicisation of crime and punishment
- the role of the mass media

28
Q

what is neoliberalism? what is it contemporarily used to refer to?

A

market-oriented reform policies such as “eliminating price controls
deregulating capital markets
lowering trade barriers
and reducing, especially through privatization and austerity, state influence in the economy.

29
Q

what is economic liberalism?

A

based on principles of personal liberty, private property and limited government interference

30
Q

what were the social conditions in new culture of control?

A
  • unemployment and economic recession
  • changes in family structures
  • social and spatial mobility: the eroding of community
  • new middle class insecurity
  • rapidly rising crime rates
31
Q

what theoretical conditions underpinned the new culture of control?

A
  • the aetiological crisis - nothing works
  • criminologies of everyday life - risk management and rational choice theories
  • criminologies of the other - the dangerous other
32
Q

what are the policy predicaments in crime control?

A
  • high crime rates as a normal social fact
  • the limits of the criminal justice state and the myth of sovereign crime control
  • the public demand/ expect the state to ensure crime control/ security but the state cannot deliver
33
Q

what 3 adaptive ideologies for crime control?

A
  • accept that the war on crime is unwinnable, crime is an inevitable feature of contemporary life
  • treat crime as an everyday risk to be managed, rather than an enemy to be defeated
  • develop pragmatic instrumental approaches to manage/ reduce crime in more efficient and less costly ways
34
Q

features of adaptation

A
  • professionalisation and the rationalisation of criminal justice
  • the commercialisation of justice
  • defining deviance down
  • redefining success
  • concentrate upon consequences
  • relocating and redefining responsibilities
35
Q

what is the professionalisation and rationalisation of justice referring to

A

rise of technology
systemisation and rationalisation of criminal justice

36
Q

what is the commercialisation of justice ?

A
  • managerialism - cjs to be more business like
  • privatisation
37
Q

what is redefining success?

A

from outcomes to outputs - an economy of efficiency

38
Q

what is concentrating upon consequences?

A
  • fear of crime
  • customer satisfaction
39
Q

what is relocating and redefining responsibilities?

A
  • responsibilisation below, beyond and above
  • steering but not rowing
40
Q

what is punitive control strategies?

A
  • respond to predicament by denying it - especially politicians
  • reactivate and embrace the myth of sovereign state crime control
  • engage in emotional rituals of condemnation and punishment - ‘acting out’
41
Q

what 2 features of punitive control are there?

A
  1. expressive responses
  2. punitive segregation
42
Q

what are expressive responses in punitive control?

A
  • denying the myth (of limits to the sovereign power to control crime)
  • restoring faith in cjs
  • tough political rhetoric and soundbites and emotional tone
    -crime and punishment as a key political battleground
  • privileging of public opinion
43
Q

what is punitive segregation?

A
  • greater use of custody overall
  • longer sentences/ indeterminate sentences
  • focus on incapacitation of dangerous and / or repeat offenders
  • mass incarceration

responses to crime mcqs (14 decks)

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