garlands 12 indices

Question 1

1. the decline of the rehabilitative ideal

Answer 1

• idea of rehabilitation was profound a influence on responses to crime
• assumption that people could be reformed fell quickly out of fashion from the 1970s onwards
• punitive

Question 2

2. the re-emergence of punitive sanctions and expressive justice

Answer 2

• retributive forms of justice - just deserts - have been re-emerging
• progressively easier for politicians to call for and justify punitive sanctions that are strongly emotive
• examples = naming and shaming, boot camps, chain gangs
• punitive

Question 3

3. changes in the emotional tone of crime policy

Answer 3

• the growing fear of crime and generalised insecurity have created a situation in which politicians can now talk about crime and its control in much more openly emotive terms
• changed from welfarist to punitive
• punitive

Question 4

4. the return of the victim

Answer 4

• victim become more important figure in contemporary criminal justice
• referencing to victims rights and needs are regularly made by people
• new punitive legislation and laws named after particular victims
• victim is a symbolic figure, standing in for widespread concerns about crime and disorder
• punitive

Question 5

5. above all, the public must be protected

Answer 5

• protecting the public is a central part of all systems of crime control
• what is different now, garland argues, is the urgency and stress on this factor
• using prison to stop offending occuring (incapacitation rather than rehabilitation
• probation and parole as means of managing risk
• sex offender registers, notification schmes for highlighting future dangers
• these are all indications of the overriding importance of public protection in contemporary crime control
• punitive

Question 6

6. politicisation and the new populism

Answer 6

• end of the bipartisan consensus has changed the way in which crime is talked about and policy is made
• crime and criminal justice are now major areas for political contest , and much of the debate is now heavily populist
• expert opinion is ignored and crude measures of public opinion are used to justify new measures
• punitive

Question 7

7. the reinvention of the prison

Answer 7

• espousal of the idea that prison works represents a major shift away from the view that dominated much of 20th century
• during this time dominant approaches sought alternatives to using custody and the proliferation of community sanctions to testimony to this
• in america since 1970s and britain 1990s, has been a profound shift towards viewing expanding prisons numbers as a necessary and important part of a successful cjs
• punitive

Question 8

8. the transformation of criminological thought

Answer 8

• criminology up to 1970s was dominated by variety of approaches which saw criminality as a product of fault adaption or social injustice and inequality
• the period since has seen rise of theories which see inadequate controls as being the core issue
• these control theories take many forms but differ from earlier ideas in that they contain a less positive view of human nature, viewing crime as normal and to be expected in absence of suitable controls
• one consequence was shift attention away from criminal and how they will be treated or rehabilitated, but instead towards the criminal act - how it might be prevented
• social welfare is not a core issue
• adaptation

Question 9

9. expanding infrastructure of crime prevention and community safety

Answer 9

• huge new crime control establishment covering such matters as neighbourhood watch, local crime prevention programmes etc has developed alongside criminal justice, but with objectives focused on harm and fear reduction, loss prevention and security
• many exclusionary rather than inclusionary
• adaptation

Question 10

10. civil society and the commercialisation of crime control

Answer 10

• number of processes have increased the emphasis on preventative actions by citizens in control of crime, and related developments have seen a significant expansion in the private security industry
• policing is something that is now undeniably provided through a mixed economy of public and private bodies, and security has become progressively commodified
• adaptation

Question 11

11. new management styles and working practices

Answer 11

• criminal justice has become progressively subject to a set of pressures which collectively are known as managerialism
• includes increasing financial oversight and control by government and other auditing bodies, the establishment and use of performance indicators and league tables, the use of cost-effectiveness as primary value in service delivery
• adaptation

Question 12

12. a perpetual sense of crisis

Answer 12

• criminal justice and penal systems are gripped by a sense of impending crisis, as being unfit for purpose and being unable to cope with pressures placed upon them
• one consequence is that professional experience and expertise have become increasingly discredited, as both politicians and public have lost confidence in them to ensure security and safety