Lecture 7 - Development

Question 1

three types of development

Answer 1

physical, cognitive and social/emotional

Question 2

the newborn’s reflexes

Answer 2

rooting and grasping reflex

Question 3

physical changes in infancy and childhood

Answer 3

nervous system development, motor development and gender development in childhood

Question 4

nervous system development

Answer 4

in first 18 months of life the brain grows rapidly (growth in gray matter and neural cell bodies)

Question 5

myelination begins around

Answer 5

gestational month six and continues through adolescence

Question 6

motor development in childhood proceeds

Answer 6

in two directions simultaneously (from head to toe and from midline of the body to outward)

Question 7

what theory relates to Gender development in childhood

Answer 7

Kohlberg’ theory

Question 8

Kohlberg theory

Answer 8

gender identity - gender stability - gender consistency

Question 9

gender identity

Answer 9

gender identity occurs at 2-3 and is the ability to label their own sex, recognise sex but don’t understand that sex is fixed

Question 10

gender stability

Answer 10

occurs at 3-5 years - knowledge that gender is a stable personal characteristic - sex is stable overtime -

Question 11

gender consistency

Answer 11

occurs 6-7 years - belief that people retain gender even if they adopt behaviours - realise sex is constant

Question 12

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Answer 12

has 4 stages (sensorimotor 0-2, preoperational 2-6, concrete operational 6-12 and formal operational 12 above)

Question 13

sensorimotor stage

Answer 13

explore new objects by physical interaction, object permanence (ability to form mental representations of objects) and language ability development

Question 14

preoperational stage

Answer 14

not able to solve conservation task (ability to understand that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change quantity), egocentricism and unable to distinguish fantasy from reality

Question 15

concrete operational stage

Answer 15

problems of conservation are easily solved, thinking becomes more logical, unable to handle abstract concepts, hands-on learning most effective

Question 16

formal operational stage

Answer 16

can handle abstract concepts, improved problem solving skills, burst of idealism

Question 17

alternative approaches to cognitive development

Answer 17

lev vygotsky, information processing, naive theories and theory of mind

Question 18

assimilation

Answer 18

incorporation of new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise the schema

Question 19

accommodation

Answer 19

incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema

Question 20

Leo Vygotsky

Answer 20

zone of proximal development; individual gains knowledge of the world by interacting socially and collaboratively with parents, teachers and the community (culture and cultural differences are important for development)

Question 21

information processing

Answer 21

extension of Piaget describing specific changes in cognition - rate increases as we age - changes in frontal lobe and hippocampus - improved memory

Question 22

naive theories

Answer 22

Piaget underestimated children’s ability to understand objects

Question 23

theory of mind

Answer 23

elaboration of egocentrism - understanding that others have beliefs, desires and intentions different from our own, 3-4 years, critical to social development

Question 24

social and emotional challenges in infancy and childhoord are due to

Answer 24

temperament, attachment and parenting styles

Question 25

temperament

Answer 25

reflects prevailing patterns of mood, activity and emotional responsiveness - roots in genetics - predict adult personality

Question 26

three categories of temperament

Answer 26

surgency/extroversion , negative affect/mood, effortful control (ability to pay attention and inhibit behaviour)

Question 27

attachment

Answer 27

emotional bond linking an infant to a parent or caregiver

Question 28

parenting styles vary along two dimensions

Answer 28

parental support and behavioural regulation

Question 29

parental support

Answer 29

empathy and recognition of the child’s perspective

Question 30

behavioural regulation

Answer 30

supervision of the child’s behaviour accompanied by consistent discipline and clear expectations

Question 31

physical changes in adolescence

Answer 31

hormone release, development of secondary sex characteristics and sexual maturation - growth in grey and white matter

Question 32

cognitive/moral development in adolescence

Answer 32

executive functions reach adult levels, think more logically, and have conventional morality

Question 33

preconventional morality

Answer 33

moral choices are made according to expectations of reward or punishment

Question 34

conventional morality

Answer 34

moral choices are made according to law or public opinion

Question 35

postconventional morality

Answer 35

moral choices are made according to personal standards and reasons

Question 36

midlife development

Answer 36

in females menopause and for males reduced sperm quantity but no decrease in testosterone

Question 37

late adult development

Answer 37

physical changes and decrease in cognition