Lecture 3 - Learning

Question 1

types of behaviour

Answer 1

reflexes, instincts and learning

Question 2

reflexes

Answer 2

inevitable involuntary respondes controlled by the spinal cord

Question 3

instincts

Answer 3

inborn behaviours and fixed actions patterns that do not depend on experience

Question 4

learning

Answer 4

relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience

Question 5

three types of learning

Answer 5

associative, non-associative and observational

Question 6

associative learning

Answer 6

formation of associations or connections among stimuli and behaviours

Question 7

classical condition (from associative learning) and more involuntary

Answer 7

type of learning where associations are formed between two simuli that occur sequentially (fear of needles)

Question 8

operant conditioning (from associative learning)

Answer 8

type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviours and their outcomes (motivational stickers) (a voluntary behaviour)

Question 9

nonassociative learning

Answer 9

learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to stimuli

Question 10

habituation (from nonassociative learning)

Answer 10

a type of learning in which reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease

Question 11

sensitization

Answer 11

a type of learning that, following exposure to one strong stimulus, reaction to many stimuli increases

Question 12

difference between sensory adaptation and habituation

Answer 12

habituation is more to do with learnign where as SA is a reduction in sensory receptors

Question 13

observational learning

Answer 13

also known as social learning/modeling which occurs when one organisms learns by watching the actions of another organisms

Question 14

Pavlov’s dog and classical conditioning

Answer 14

a type of unconscious/automatic learning (dog salivates to food but not metronome, but when put together and after only metronome dog does salivate)

Question 15

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 15

stimulus that elicits a response without prior experience

Question 16

unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 16

a response to an unconditioned stimulus that requires no previous experience

Question 17

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 17

an environmental event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning

Question 18

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 18

a response learned through classical conditioning

Question 19

how does learning occur?

Answer 19

through acquisition

Question 20

acquisition

Answer 20

refers to the development of a conditioned response

Question 21

what does acquisition require

Answer 21

temporal contiguity betweens the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus and contingency/correlation between conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

Question 22

extinction

Answer 22

reduction of a learned response that ocuurs when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus (not the same as forgetting)

Question 23

inhibition

Answer 23

feature of classical conditioning in which conditioned stimulus predicts the nonoccurence of an unconditioned stimulus

Question 24

generalisation

Answer 24

the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

Question 25

discrimination

Answer 25

a learned ability to distinguish between stimuli

Question 26

high-order conditioning

Answer 26

learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned responses

Question 27

latent inhibition

Answer 27

the slower learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is already familiar compared to when the CS is unfamiliar

Question 28

Rescorla-Wagner model

Answer 28

1. Rate of learning of a CS depends on how new or surpising the association between the CS and the UCS is
2. Early in training, learning proceeds rapidly (association is new and surprising)
3. Later in training, gains in conditioning strength level off (plateau)

Question 29

Applying classical conditioning through four actions

Answer 29

overcoming fear, attitude and prejudice, addiction, and creativity

Question 30

overcoming fear through

Answer 30

exposure therapy, counterconditioning (pairing conditioned stimulus to a stimulus eliciting an opposite response) and systematic disensitization

Question 31

operant conditioning

Answer 31

association between a behaviour and its consequences

Question 32

differences between classical CC and operant conditioning OC

Answer 32

CC based on association vbetween two simuli and OC occurs when behaviour is associated with its consequences. CC works best with involuntary behaviour and OC with voluntary behaviour

Question 33

consequences of operant conditioning

Answer 33

positive reinforcement (increase frequence of associated behaviour by adding stimulus) or negative reinforcement (removal of stimulus to increase frequency of an associated behaviour)

Question 34

Bandura and aggresion experiment

Answer 34

inflatable doll hit by adult, and shown to children, when they were annoyed they would also hit the doll

Question 35

Bandura four components of modeling behaviour

Answer 35

attention, retainment, reproduction and motivation