Lecture 7 cell cycle

Question 1

The cell cycle consists of two major periods: ____ and ____

Answer 1

interphase

mitosis

Question 2

The cell cycle is temporarily suspended in non-dividing resting cells which are in the _____ state

Answer 2

G zero

Question 3

_____ is the longer phase, and the period in which the cell doubles in size and DNA content. It is divided into 3 phases: ___, ___, ___

Answer 3

interphase

G1, S, G2

Question 4

The ___ is after mitosis, and is where cell growth and protein synthesis occur, restoring daughter cells to normal volume and size

Answer 4

G1

Question 5

There is a restriction point between G1 and the ____ phase. Cells that fail to reach the restriction point become resting cells and enter the ____ phase

Answer 5

S

G0

Question 6

DNA replication and protein synthesis occur during ____ phase. Chromosomes become duplicated

Answer 6

S

Question 7

There are 2 major checkpoints in the cell cycle that are controlled by ____ and ____-dependent _____

Answer 7

cyclins

cyclin dependent kinases

Question 8

The 2 checkpoints occur between ___ and ____ phase and between ____ and ____.

Answer 8

G1, S

G2, mitosis

Question 9

____ kinase initiates S phase, while _ phase promoting factor initiates _____

Answer 9

Start

M, mitosis

Question 10

The 2 primary ways of controlling the cell cycle are regulation of genes that _____ _____ _____ and regulation of ____ ____ that stimulate cell growth.

Answer 10

suppress cell proliferation

growth factors

Question 11

Normal Rb protein prevents _____. If one copy of Rb is mutated, growth is ____ _____. If both Rb proteins are mutated, ____ occurs

Answer 11

mitosis.
still suppressed
cancer

Question 12

____ is the DNA repair gene that exhibits frequent mutations in brain and breast cancers.

Answer 12

p53

Question 13

p53 acts prior to DNA replication by detecting ____ ______ and delaying entry into S phase until _____ is repaired

Answer 13

DNA damage

Damage

Question 14

Defects in ____ contribute to cancer by allowing defective cells to replicate

Answer 14

p53

Question 15

Growth factors including ___, ____, and ____ can affect genest that activate the cell-cycle control system. Overexpression of these can lead to uncontrolled proliferation

Answer 15

myc, fos, jun

Question 16

Mitosis involves ____ (division of the nucleus) and _____ (division of the cytoplasm), resulting in production of 2 identical daughter cells

Answer 16

karyokinesis

cytokinesis

Question 17

_____ function as microtubule organizing centers and function as the mitotic spindle pole during mitsosis

Answer 17

centrosomes

Question 18

_____ microtubules radiate from centrosomes and function to separate spindle poles and position them in the cell

Answer 18

astral

Question 19

____ microtubles extend from each pole and overlap in middle of the cell. They are responsible for pushing poles of cell apart

Answer 19

polar

Question 20

____ microtubules attach to each kinetochore that forms at the centromere of duplicated chromosomes. These move separated daughter chromatids to each pole

Answer 20

kinetochore

Question 21

____ is a constriction in the middle of attached sister chromatids where a kinetochore (protein complex) is assembled

Answer 21

centromere

Question 22

____ is the first phase. In this phase, chromosomes condense from ____. The mitotic spindle begins to form and ____ begin to develop at the centromere region

Answer 22

prophase
chromatin
kinetochores

Question 23

_____ is the second phase of mitosis. The nuclear envelope breaks down and ____ gain access to chromosomes. ____ migrate to opposite poles of cell and give rise to spindle fibers and astral rays of mitotic spindle. ___ complete attachment and attach to spindle microtubules

Answer 23

prometaphase
microtubules
centrioles
kinetochores

Question 24

In _____, the third phase of mitosis, kinetochore microtubules align chromatids at the ____ plate

Answer 24

metaphase

metaphase

Question 25

In _____, chromatids separate and daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell. _____ _____ begins to form between cells

Answer 25

anaphase | cleavage furrow

Question 26

In ______, kinetochore microtubules disappear, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the cleavage furrow between cells deepens.

Answer 26

Telophase

Question 27

____form a family of proteolytic enzymes that are activated in apoptosis and drive the apoptotic cascade

Answer 27

caspases

Question 28

The Bcl-2 family of proteins regulate _____ membrane potential and can be both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic.

Answer 28

mitochondrial

Question 29

In _____, the mitochondrial membrane potential collapses and causes release of mitochondrial proteins like ______ and smac/DIABLO

Answer 29

apoptosis | cytochrome C

Question 30

In apoptotic cell, the nuclear chromatin will marginate and condense. The cell will _____ and the cell membrane will _____

Answer 30

shrink | bleb

Question 31

_____ is phase 6 of mitosis. In this phase, There are 2 recognizable daughter cells, each with a complete nuclear envelope

Answer 31

cytokinesis

Question 32

The ____ phase follows the S phase and extends to mitosis. This phase sees cells resting and preparing to divide.

Answer 32

G2

Question 33

The cell cycle is permanently interrupted in differentiated cells that do not divide, such as cardiac muscle cells and _____

Answer 33

neurons

Question 34

Cells in _ phase will take up tritated thymidine (ie BRDU) which can be counted to measure cell prolifereration

Answer 34

S

Question 35

A hallmark of _____ is condensing chromatin

Answer 35

prophase

Question 36

The nuclear envelope fully breaks down in this stage of mitosis: _____

Answer 36

prometaphase

Question 37

The nuclear envelope is completely reformed by ______ in mitosis

Answer 37

cytokinesis

Question 38

Cytochrome C and SMAC/Diablo lead to _____ activation

Answer 38

caspase

Question 39

If Dr. Turek could be any cell, he would be a _______

Answer 39

macrophage. THIS IS THE BEST TIME TO BE ALIVE EVER