Lecture 1 Flashcards
Size of RBC
7 um
It acts as internal standard
resolution of LM
TEM/Scanning
.2 um
1-2 nm
Hematoxylin is __philic and stains _____
Eosin is ____philic and stains ____
baso, blue/purple
acido, pink/red
Fixation works by the aldehyrderactive group cross linking____
It mainly preserves ____ but not _____
proteins
proteins, lipids
Fixation in TEM samples is done with ____
Post fixation is done with ____
glutaraledehyde
osmium tetroxide
SEM uses the same fixation as TEM, but is dehydrated with ETOH to reach the _____
critical point
Immunocytochemistry procedure:
- Block _____ binding with protein solution
- Incubate with _____ antibody
- Incubate with secondary antibody that contains a ______ (ie collodial gold, horseradish peroxidase)
- Non-specific protein
- Primary
- Visualization label
Examples of things stained blue by Hematoxylin (3)
Chromatin, rER, Nucleus, proteins
Examples of things stained pink with Eosin (2)
Cytoplasm, collagen fibers
Periodic Acid Schiff Stain-color is ____
Stains mainly ______
Example of staining in cells
magenta
carbohydrates and glycogen
basement membrane of bowman’s capsules; also mucin in trachea
Silver Stain colors \_\_\_\_\_ (an example of Type _ collagen)
reticular fibers, type 3
common in lymph nodes
4 primary tissues
epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, nervous tissue
Cell Plasma membrane can be seen with a ____ stain.
It has a __laminar binding cheme
osmium trioxide
tri
can only be seen with TEM
Glycolipids function in ____ interactions and also as _____
cell-cell, receptors
Gangliosides are glycolipids with _____ acid and are abundant in _____.
sialic acid, nervous tissue.
GM1 Ganglioside is an example of a cell surface receptor for ___ toxin
Cholera
Glycolipids are assymetrically distributed in the ____ membrane leaflet
Outer
Glycocalyx is a ____ coat associated with outer leaflet of plasma membrane. It has a _____ appearance in TEM.
sugar
fuzzy
The glycocalyx contains cell surface ______, which consist of membrane integral proteins bound to ____.
proteoglyans
glycosaminoglycans
3 functions of glycocalyx
cellular attachment to extracellular matrix components
binding of antigens/enzymes at cell surface
cell-cell interaction and recognition.
Cholesterol adds (rigidity or fluidity) to the plasma membrane?
rigidity
2 basic types of membrane proteins
- _____-which can’t be removed without disrupting lipid bilayer
- _____-which can be removed w/o disrupting lipid bilayer
Integral
Peripheral
___ proteins extend into the lipid bilayer
Integral
______ proteins are an example of integral proteins and span the entire membrane. Function as receoptors/transport proteins
transmembrane
Integral proteins are often ____proteins
glyco
We use the ____-fracture method to see membrane proteins
Freeze
Integral proteins remain attatched to P-face
____ proteins do not extend into lipid bilayer and function as part of the ___ or the ____ messenger system.
Peripheral
cytoskelton, intracellular
Membrane fluidity increases with a ___ in temperature and by a greater number of ______ fats in the membrane
rise
unsaturated
Glucose moves across an RBC membrane down a concentration gradient via a ____
glucose transporter protein (GLUT1)
it allows D-glucose but not L glucose
The Na/K pumps 3 ___ ions out of the cell and 2 ___ into the cell, against a concentration gradient
Na, K
A single ATP is hyrdolyzed to complete this step.
The NaK pump acts to maintain cell volume by ____ the ion concentration intracellularly.
reducing
Inhibitor of ion transport and Na/K ATPase
Oubain
____ can be coupled to the movement of sodium down a concentration gradient
Glucose
ie, across intestinal epithelium
Overexpression of ATPase can lead to _____ to cancer drugs
resistance
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator is a ATP and CAMP sensitive ____ ion channel.
Chloride
Membrane receptors are primarily _____. They regulate the ____ of ion channel proteins.
glycoproteins
conformation
Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors are an example of _____ linked receptors. ___ Venom is an example of a substance that inhibits this channel
ion channel
Snake
Interaction of a signalling molecoule and a __ protein results in activation of intracellular secondary messengers, the most common of which are ___ and ___
G
Ca2+, CAMP
Heat Shock Proteins are associated with ____ receptors in the cytosol
Glucocorticoid
____ channel blockers are used for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. ___ channel blockers are used for epilepsy. ____ channel blockers are used for diabetes
Ca
Na
K
Tetrodotoxin inactivates ___ channels, causing dizziness, respiratory failure, and death.
Na
IgG antibodies binding to TSH receptors stimulates thyroid follicular cells. This is the cause of _____
Graves Disease
_____ is a heriditary condition due to abnormal carrier proteins that cannot remove cystine from the urine. It results in kidney stones
cystinurea
In specimen preparation for TEM, the sections are stained with _____ and ____ salts to provide contrast in the microscope
uranium, lead
_____ electrons are low energy electrons emitted from the surface of a specimen in SEM and these contain surface information.
Secondary
In metachromatic staining, _____ will show up as blue/purple.
polyanions
The diptheria toxin receptor is a _____
glycolipid
The _____ is made up of polar oligosaccharaide side chains covalently linked to protein and glycolipid constituents of the plasma membrane.
Glycocalyx
In Freeze Fracture EM, the _-face is the internal surface of the outer leaflet, while the _-face is the external surface of the inner leaflet.
E
P
_____ molecules and _____ uncharged polar molecules can pass through plasma membrane by simple diffusion.
Hydrophobic, small
Na and Cl- are 10-20x _____ outside the cell than insidfe the cell, while K is 20-40x _____ inside the cell than outside.
higher
higher
Cystic fibrosis is due to defective _____ in epithelial cell of lung and other tissues.
CFTR
Ion channels influence the rate of ____ but not the _____.
flow
direction
Membrane receptors are primarily ____ located on cell surface that bind specific signalling molecoules.
glycoproteins
Cortisol diffuses through the cell membrane, binds to ______ receptors in the cytoplasm, and releases Heat Shock Proteins.
glucocorticoid
