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Histology Exam 1 (Brendan) > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Size of RBC

A

7 um

It acts as internal standard

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2
Q

resolution of LM

TEM/Scanning

A

.2 um

1-2 nm

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3
Q

Hematoxylin is __philic and stains _____

Eosin is ____philic and stains ____

A

baso, blue/purple

acido, pink/red

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4
Q

Fixation works by the aldehyrderactive group cross linking____
It mainly preserves ____ but not _____

A

proteins

proteins, lipids

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5
Q

Fixation in TEM samples is done with ____

Post fixation is done with ____

A

glutaraledehyde

osmium tetroxide

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6
Q

SEM uses the same fixation as TEM, but is dehydrated with ETOH to reach the _____

A

critical point

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7
Q

Immunocytochemistry procedure:

  1. Block _____ binding with protein solution
  2. Incubate with _____ antibody
  3. Incubate with secondary antibody that contains a ______ (ie collodial gold, horseradish peroxidase)
A
  1. Non-specific protein
  2. Primary
  3. Visualization label
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8
Q

Examples of things stained blue by Hematoxylin (3)

A

Chromatin, rER, Nucleus, proteins

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9
Q

Examples of things stained pink with Eosin (2)

A

Cytoplasm, collagen fibers

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10
Q

Periodic Acid Schiff Stain-color is ____
Stains mainly ______
Example of staining in cells

A

magenta
carbohydrates and glycogen
basement membrane of bowman’s capsules; also mucin in trachea

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11
Q 
Silver Stain
colors \_\_\_\_\_ (an example of Type _ collagen)
A

reticular fibers, type 3

common in lymph nodes

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12
Q

4 primary tissues

A

epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, nervous tissue

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13
Q

Cell Plasma membrane can be seen with a ____ stain.

It has a __laminar binding cheme

A

osmium trioxide
tri

can only be seen with TEM

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14
Q

Glycolipids function in ____ interactions and also as _____

A

cell-cell, receptors

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15
Q

Gangliosides are glycolipids with _____ acid and are abundant in _____.

A

sialic acid, nervous tissue.

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16
Q

GM1 Ganglioside is an example of a cell surface receptor for ___ toxin

A

Cholera

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17
Q

Glycolipids are assymetrically distributed in the ____ membrane leaflet

A

Outer

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18
Q

Glycocalyx is a ____ coat associated with outer leaflet of plasma membrane. It has a _____ appearance in TEM.

A

sugar

fuzzy

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19
Q

The glycocalyx contains cell surface ______, which consist of membrane integral proteins bound to ____.

A

proteoglyans

glycosaminoglycans

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20
Q

3 functions of glycocalyx

A

cellular attachment to extracellular matrix components
binding of antigens/enzymes at cell surface
cell-cell interaction and recognition.

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21
Q

Cholesterol adds (rigidity or fluidity) to the plasma membrane?

A

rigidity

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22
Q

2 basic types of membrane proteins

  1. _____-which can’t be removed without disrupting lipid bilayer
  2. _____-which can be removed w/o disrupting lipid bilayer
A

Integral

Peripheral

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23
Q

___ proteins extend into the lipid bilayer

A

Integral

24
Q

______ proteins are an example of integral proteins and span the entire membrane. Function as receoptors/transport proteins

A

transmembrane

25
Q

Integral proteins are often ____proteins

A

glyco

26
Q

We use the ____-fracture method to see membrane proteins

A

Freeze

Integral proteins remain attatched to P-face

27
Q

____ proteins do not extend into lipid bilayer and function as part of the ___ or the ____ messenger system.

A

Peripheral

cytoskelton, intracellular

28
Q

Membrane fluidity increases with a ___ in temperature and by a greater number of ______ fats in the membrane

A

rise

unsaturated

29
Q

Glucose moves across an RBC membrane down a concentration gradient via a ____

A

glucose transporter protein (GLUT1)

it allows D-glucose but not L glucose

30
Q

The Na/K pumps 3 ___ ions out of the cell and 2 ___ into the cell, against a concentration gradient

A

Na, K

A single ATP is hyrdolyzed to complete this step.

31
Q

The NaK pump acts to maintain cell volume by ____ the ion concentration intracellularly.

A

reducing

32
Q

Inhibitor of ion transport and Na/K ATPase

A

Oubain

33
Q

____ can be coupled to the movement of sodium down a concentration gradient

A

Glucose

ie, across intestinal epithelium

34
Q

Overexpression of ATPase can lead to _____ to cancer drugs

A

resistance

35
Q

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator is a ATP and CAMP sensitive ____ ion channel.

A

Chloride

36
Q

Membrane receptors are primarily _____. They regulate the ____ of ion channel proteins.

A

glycoproteins

conformation

37
Q

Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors are an example of _____ linked receptors. ___ Venom is an example of a substance that inhibits this channel

A

ion channel

Snake

38
Q

Interaction of a signalling molecoule and a __ protein results in activation of intracellular secondary messengers, the most common of which are ___ and ___

A

G

Ca2+, CAMP

39
Q

Heat Shock Proteins are associated with ____ receptors in the cytosol

A

Glucocorticoid

40
Q

____ channel blockers are used for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. ___ channel blockers are used for epilepsy. ____ channel blockers are used for diabetes

A

Ca
Na
K

41
Q

Tetrodotoxin inactivates ___ channels, causing dizziness, respiratory failure, and death.

A

Na

42
Q

IgG antibodies binding to TSH receptors stimulates thyroid follicular cells. This is the cause of _____

A

Graves Disease

43
Q

_____ is a heriditary condition due to abnormal carrier proteins that cannot remove cystine from the urine. It results in kidney stones

A

cystinurea

44
Q

In specimen preparation for TEM, the sections are stained with _____ and ____ salts to provide contrast in the microscope

A

uranium, lead

45
Q

_____ electrons are low energy electrons emitted from the surface of a specimen in SEM and these contain surface information.

A

Secondary

46
Q

In metachromatic staining, _____ will show up as blue/purple.

A

polyanions

47
Q

The diptheria toxin receptor is a _____

A

glycolipid

48
Q

The _____ is made up of polar oligosaccharaide side chains covalently linked to protein and glycolipid constituents of the plasma membrane.

A

Glycocalyx

49
Q

In Freeze Fracture EM, the _-face is the internal surface of the outer leaflet, while the _-face is the external surface of the inner leaflet.

A

E

P

50
Q

_____ molecules and _____ uncharged polar molecules can pass through plasma membrane by simple diffusion.

A

Hydrophobic, small

51
Q

Na and Cl- are 10-20x _____ outside the cell than insidfe the cell, while K is 20-40x _____ inside the cell than outside.

A

higher

higher

52
Q

Cystic fibrosis is due to defective _____ in epithelial cell of lung and other tissues.

A

CFTR

53
Q

Ion channels influence the rate of ____ but not the _____.

A

flow

direction

54
Q

Membrane receptors are primarily ____ located on cell surface that bind specific signalling molecoules.

A

glycoproteins

55
Q

Cortisol diffuses through the cell membrane, binds to ______ receptors in the cytoplasm, and releases Heat Shock Proteins.

A

glucocorticoid

Histology Exam 1 (Brendan) (10 decks)

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