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HSS3106 - Pharmacology > Lecture 7- Antiviral agents > Flashcards

Lecture 7- Antiviral agents Flashcards

1
Q

What is a virus?

A
  • rely on its host to replicate
  • simple
  • either DNA or RNA
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2
Q

Why did antiviral drugs greatly increase?

A

AIDS epidemic!

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3
Q

How are most viral diseases prevented?

A

vaccines!

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4
Q

What are the 6 antiviral agents generic and trade names?

A
  1. acyclovir –> Zovirax
  2. ganciclovir –> Cytovene, Vitrasert, Zirgan
  3. amantadine –> Symmetrel
  4. didanosine –> Videx
  5. zidovudine –> Retrovir
  6. ribavirin –> Virazole
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5
Q

What are HIV infections?

A
  • caused by HIV I and HIV II
  • infect CD4 helper T cells by attaching to it and kill cell in 30 hours
  • needs reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA
    -can develop AIDS
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6
Q

What do most people die of when having HIV?

A

secondary infections

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7
Q

How do people get HIV?

A

bodily fluids of infected patients

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8
Q

How do we prevent HIV?

A

barriers
Antiretroviral drugs

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9
Q

What are the 6 classes of “antiretroviral drugs”?

A
  1. Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)
  2. Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)
  3. Protease Inhibitors (PI)
  4. Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (ISTIs)
  5. Fusion Inhibitors (FI)
  6. Chemokine Receptors 5 Antagonists (CRAs)
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10
Q

What are the 2 NRTIs generic name and trade name?

A
  1. abacavir –> Ziagen
  2. zidovudine –> Retrovir
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11
Q

What are NRTIs?

A

Mechanism of action:
- inhibits synthesis of viral DNA by reverse transcriptase

ADVERSE EFFECTS:
- lactic acidosis
- hepatomegaly with steatosis
- GI tract probs

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12
Q

What is the one NNRTI generic name and trade name?

A

delavirdine –> Rescriptor

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13
Q

What are NNRTIs?

A

Mechanism of action:
- inhibit reverse transcriptase

ADVERSE EFFECTS:
- rashes
-hypersensitivity

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14
Q

What are the two PI’s generic name and trade name?

A

atazanavir –> Reyataz

ritonavir –> Norvir

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15
Q

What is PIs?

A

Mechanism of action:
- HIV-1 Protease inhibitor
- inhibits cytosome P450 enzymes

Adverse effects:
- GI tract probs
- decrease bone density
- liver probs
-jaundice
-arrhytmias

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16
Q

What are INSTI’s?

A

Mechanism of action:
- inteferes with integrase enzyme

17
Q

What are FIs ?

A

Mechanism of action:
- block fusion of the viral membrane with the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane
- used if patients dont respond to other antivirals

18
Q

What are CRAs?

A

Mechanism of action:
- block viral entry into cells (blocks HIV protein from its receptor on cell surface)

19
Q

What is cytomegalovirus (CMV)?

A
  • transmitted through body fluids or transplanted organs or placenta
  • if congential –> abortion, still birth, postnatal death
  • drugs used inhibit DNA polymerase
20
Q

What is Herpes Zoster (Shingles)?

A
  • caused by the chickenpox
  • blisters and severe pain (NERVE PAIN)
  • not life threatening
21
Q

What is used to treat Shingles?

A

Acyclovoir!
- interfers with DNA synthesis and inhibits viral replication –> results in chain chain termination

22
Q

What is Herpes simplex?

A
  • infection of skin, mouth, lips, eyes, and genitals
  • transmitted via contact
  • STAYS DORMANT –> symptoms occur periodically
23
Q

What is Herpes simplex treated with?

A

Acyclovir

24
Q

What are the 3 types of Influenza?

A

Extremely infectious
1. A –> affects humans, pig, and birds, moderate to severe
2. B –> mostly children
3. C –> not common in humans , affects upper respiratory

25
Q

How is influenza spread and what is the most common complication?

A
  • aerosolized or droplet transmission
  • bacterial pneumonia
26
Q

How is influenza treated?

A
  1. Ribaviron
    - broad spectrum
    - interferes with ribonucleic protein synthesis
    - cause : cramps, jaundice, anemia
27
Q

What is Tamiflu?

A

Mechanism of action:
- inhibits cleavage of sialic acid residues of surface of infected cell —> INABILITY TO RELEASE PROGENY VIRIONS

USE:
- influenza A and B

ADVERSE AFFECTS:
- GI probs

28
Q

What are some COVID antivirals?

A
  1. Paxlovid
  2. Remdesivir
29
Q

What is Paxlovid?

A

= mix of ritonavir and nirmatrelvir
ritonavir –> protease inhibitor
nirmatrelvir –> inhibits viral replication by cleaving viral polyproteins (protease inhibitor)

30
Q

What is Hepatitis?

A
  • viral or not
  • develop into cirrhosis or liver failure

5 forms:
1. Hep A
2. Hep B
3. Hep C
4. Hep D
5. Hep E

31
Q

How do you treat Hep A?

A

intramuscular immunoglobulins

32
Q

How do you treat Hep B?

A

NRTIs and antiviral interferons

33
Q

How do you treat Hep C?

A

combo of antivirals

34
Q

How do you treat Hep D?

A

large dose of interferons

35
Q

How do you treat Hep E?

A

it resolves on its own! NO MEDS!

HSS3106 - Pharmacology (18 decks)

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