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HSS3106 - Pharmacology > Lecture 6- Antibiotics > Flashcards

Lecture 6- Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of microorganisms?

A
  1. Bacteria –> single celled, live independently
  2. Viruses –> require a host to duplicate
  3. Fungi –> nonphotosynthetic, single or multi
    4.Parasites
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2
Q

What is the transmission of infection?

A
  • unbroken chain of events
  • requires:
    1. susceptible victim
    2. portal of entry
    3. mode of transmission
    4. reservoir
    5. portal of exit
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3
Q

What is a pathogenic organism?

A

must LIVE and REPRODUCE in a reservoir (human, animal, soil)

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4
Q

How do we control infectious disease?

A
  • by BREAKING the chain of transmission in 1+ places!
  • HANDWASHING!!!!
    example:
  • block portal of exit
  • bestroy reservoir
  • block mode of transmission
  • block portal of entry
  • reducing victim’s susceptibility
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5
Q

For each antibiotic study like what?

A
  1. Class
    - mechanism of action (is it bactericidal or bacteriostatic, the action, broad or narrow spectrum)
    -uses
    -adverse effects
  2. subclass
    - trade or generic name
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6
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

inhibits growth of or kills microorganisms

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7
Q

What is the difference between a BACTERICIDAL and BACTERIOSTATIC?

A

Bactericidal –> KILLS microbes

Bacteriostatic –> INHIBITS GROWTH of microbes

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8
Q

What is the difference between BROAD and NARROW spectrum antibiotics?

A

BROAD –> affect a LARGE variety of bacteria, used if bacteria is unknown, multiple, not responding to narrow, or if prophylaxis

NARROW –> more specific to a species of bacteria

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9
Q

What factors do we need to consider when choosing an antibiotic?

A
  • is it likely or specific?
    -mechanism of action
  • bactericidal or bacteriostatic
  • personal factors
  • antimicrobial susceptibility
  • cost of meds
  • adverse effects
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10
Q

What are the 7 classes of antibiotics?

A
  1. sulfonamides
  2. penicillins
  3. Cephalosporins
  4. macrolides
  5. fluoroquinolones
  6. tetracyclines
  7. miscellaneous antibacterials
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11
Q

What are the 3 sulfonamides Generic name and their Trade name?

A
  1. Sulfadiazine
  2. Sulfamethoaxle —> Gantanol
  3. Trimethoprim –> Bactrim, Septra
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12
Q

What are Sulfonamides Mechanism of action?

A

interfere with folic acid synthesis by preventing addition of PABA into the folic acid

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13
Q

Is a sulfonamide a bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

bacteriostatic

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14
Q

What is a sulfonamides USED for?

A
  • UTIs
  • Respiratory infections
    -topical burns
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15
Q

is a sulfonamide a broad or narrow spectrum?

A

BROAD

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16
Q

What are the ADVERSE EFFECTS of sulfonamide?

A
  • common: all GI tract , stomatitis, sensitive to sunlight (photosensitivity)
    -serious: problems with urine (blood in it, crystals in it), problems with liver (inflammation)
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17
Q

What are contraindications of sulfonamide?

A
  1. allergy
  2. pregnant
  3. child
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18
Q

What are the 5 penicillins GENERIC and TRADE name?

A
  1. Penicillin G Potassium –> Pfizerpen
  2. cloxacillin –> Cloxapen, Tegopen
  3. amoxicillin –> Amoxil, Trimox, Wymox
  4. ticarcillin –> Ticar
  5. mezlocillin –> Mezlin
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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action for PENICILLINS?

A

inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall

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20
Q

is pencillin a bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

EITHER!!!

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21
Q

What is penicillin USED for?

A
  • UTIs
  • gonorrhea
  • syphilis
  • meningitis
  • pneumonia
  • other respiratory infections
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22
Q

What is penicillin broad or narrow?

A

i think narrow

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23
Q

What are the ADVERSE EFFECTS of penicillin?

A

common: all GI tract
serious: neurotoxicity (HIGH DOSES)

24
Q

What are the contraindications of penicillin?

A
  1. allergy to it or cephalosporins
  2. renal disease
  3. pregnant
  4. not work when used with tetracyclines
25
What does a penicillin allergy look like?
- immediate - systemic - all over body rash
26
What are the 4 CEPHALOSPORINS generic and trade names?
1. cefadroxil ---> Duricef 2. Cefaclor --> Ceclor 3. cefixime --> Suprax 4. cefepime --> Maxipime
27
What are cephalosporins classified into?
4 generations - 1st = highest activity against gram-positive, lowest against gram-negative
28
WHat is the mechanism of action for cephalosporin?
affects the bacterial cell wall similar to penicillins!
29
What is cephalosporins USED for?
- reduce post-op wound infections - skin - soft tissue - UTIs
30
What are the ADVERSE EFFECTS of cephalosporins?
common: GI tract serious: neutropenia (change in WBCs), and nephritis
31
Is cephalosporins Broad or narrow?
BROAD
32
Is cephalosporins a bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?
bactericidal
33
What are the 3 aminogycosides generic and trade name?
1. Gentamicin --> n/a 2. streptomycin --> Streptomycin 3. vancomycin --> Vancocin
34
What is the mechanism of action for aminogycosides?
combine with bacterial ribosomes to arrest protein synthesis
35
What are aminoglycosides USED for?
affect gram-negative bacilli broad usually IV only before abdominal surgery eye drops for localized infection
36
What are the ADVERSE effects of aminoglycosides?
serious: OTOTOXICITY (toxic to ears, could lead to deafness) if used too long --> superinfection (new infection may be "superimposed" on an original infection
37
What are contraindications of aminoglycosides?
1. children 2. elderly 3. pregnant 4. increases effect of warfarin 5. risk of ototoxicity increases with ethacrynic acid
38
What are the 3 macrolides generic and trade name?
1. azithromycin --> Zithromax 2. clarithromycin --> Biaxin 3. erythromycin base --> Eyrc, E-mycin
39
What is the mechanism of action for macrolides?
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosome bactericial --> HIGH dose bacteriostatic --> LOW dose BROAD spectrum
40
What are the ADVERSE EFFECTS of macrolides?
common: GI tract serious: ototoxicity, hepatoxicity, phlebitis
41
What are the contraindications of macrolides?
1. liver dysfunction
42
What are the 3 fluoroquinolones generic and trade name?
1. ciprofloxacin --> Cipro 2. norfloxacin --> Noroxin 3. gatifloaxcin --> Tequin
43
What is the mechanism of action for fluoroquinolones?
- interfere with DNA gyrase, an enzyme required by bacteria for synthesis of DNA --> inhibits cell reproduction - bactericidal - Broad spectrum
44
What are the USES for fluoroquinolones?
prophylaxis UTIs respiratory infections infections of bones and joints
45
What are the ADVERSE EFFECTS of flouroquinolones?
common: GI tract, skin problems (rash, photosensitive) Serious: liver problems (nephrotoxicity, liver dysfunction)
46
What are some contraindications of fluoroquinolones?
1. children 2. pregnant 3. cause insomnia and hyperactivity if interact w/ caffeine 4. dont work with antiacids
47
What are the 2 tetracyclines generic and trade names?
1. chlorotetracycline --> Aureomycin 2. tetracycline --> Achromycin, Sumycin, Panmycin
48
What is the mechanism of action for tetracyclines?
- bind to bacterial ribosomes and prevent protein synthesis - bacteriostatic - broad
49
What is tetracyclines USED for?
- rocky mountain spotted fever , typhus fever, treating STD infections (chlamydia, syphilis)
50
What are the ADVERSE EFFECTS of tetracyclines?
- common: GI problems, photosensitivity , candidiasis (superinfection--> YEAST infection) - serious: impaired bone growth in CHILDREN
51
What are the contraindications of tetracyclines?
- unborn babies - nursing infants
52
What are the 4 Miscellaneous Antibacterial Agents generic and trade name?
1. chloramphenicol --> chloromycetin 2. clindamycin --> Cleocin 3. spectinomycin --> Trobicin 4. vancomycin --> Vancocin
53
What is Chloramphenicol?
Mechanism of action - interferes with protein synthesis - bacteriostatic Use - rickettsial disease -chlamydial disease -typhoid Adverse effects: - SERIOUS TOXICITY --> bone marrow problems contraindications - elderly -pregnant -liver or kidney disease
54
What is Clindamycin?
Mechanism of action - inhibits with protein synthesis - bacteriostatic Use - slide 48 Adverse effects: - SERIOUS TOXICITY contraindications - newborn infant -pregnant -liver or kidney disease
55
What is Spectinomycin?
Mechanism of action - suppresses protein synthesis in Gram -ve bacteria - bacteriostatic Use - uncomplicated gonorrhea contraindications - children -pregnant
56
What is Vancomycin?
Mechanism of action - suppresses cell-wall synthesis - bactericidal - LAST RESORT Use - serious infections (ex: staph pneumonia) Adverse effects: - OTOTOXICITY contraindications - do NOT use if you have had previous hearing loss

HSS3106 - Pharmacology (18 decks)

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