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HSS3106 - Pharmacology > Lecture 6- Antibiotics > Flashcards

Lecture 6- Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of microorganisms?

A
  1. Bacteria –> single celled, live independently
  2. Viruses –> require a host to duplicate
  3. Fungi –> nonphotosynthetic, single or multi
    4.Parasites
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2
Q

What is the transmission of infection?

A
  • unbroken chain of events
  • requires:
    1. susceptible victim
    2. portal of entry
    3. mode of transmission
    4. reservoir
    5. portal of exit
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3
Q

What is a pathogenic organism?

A

must LIVE and REPRODUCE in a reservoir (human, animal, soil)

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4
Q

How do we control infectious disease?

A
  • by BREAKING the chain of transmission in 1+ places!
  • HANDWASHING!!!!
    example:
  • block portal of exit
  • bestroy reservoir
  • block mode of transmission
  • block portal of entry
  • reducing victim’s susceptibility
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5
Q

For each antibiotic study like what?

A
  1. Class
    - mechanism of action (is it bactericidal or bacteriostatic, the action, broad or narrow spectrum)
    -uses
    -adverse effects
  2. subclass
    - trade or generic name
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6
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

inhibits growth of or kills microorganisms

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7
Q

What is the difference between a BACTERICIDAL and BACTERIOSTATIC?

A

Bactericidal –> KILLS microbes

Bacteriostatic –> INHIBITS GROWTH of microbes

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8
Q

What is the difference between BROAD and NARROW spectrum antibiotics?

A

BROAD –> affect a LARGE variety of bacteria, used if bacteria is unknown, multiple, not responding to narrow, or if prophylaxis

NARROW –> more specific to a species of bacteria

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9
Q

What factors do we need to consider when choosing an antibiotic?

A
  • is it likely or specific?
    -mechanism of action
  • bactericidal or bacteriostatic
  • personal factors
  • antimicrobial susceptibility
  • cost of meds
  • adverse effects
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10
Q

What are the 7 classes of antibiotics?

A
  1. sulfonamides
  2. penicillins
  3. Cephalosporins
  4. macrolides
  5. fluoroquinolones
  6. tetracyclines
  7. miscellaneous antibacterials
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11
Q

What are the 3 sulfonamides Generic name and their Trade name?

A
  1. Sulfadiazine
  2. Sulfamethoaxle —> Gantanol
  3. Trimethoprim –> Bactrim, Septra
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12
Q

What are Sulfonamides Mechanism of action?

A

interfere with folic acid synthesis by preventing addition of PABA into the folic acid

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13
Q

Is a sulfonamide a bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

bacteriostatic

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14
Q

What is a sulfonamides USED for?

A
  • UTIs
  • Respiratory infections
    -topical burns
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15
Q

is a sulfonamide a broad or narrow spectrum?

A

BROAD

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16
Q

What are the ADVERSE EFFECTS of sulfonamide?

A
  • common: all GI tract , stomatitis, sensitive to sunlight (photosensitivity)
    -serious: problems with urine (blood in it, crystals in it), problems with liver (inflammation)
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17
Q

What are contraindications of sulfonamide?

A
  1. allergy
  2. pregnant
  3. child
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18
Q

What are the 5 penicillins GENERIC and TRADE name?

A
  1. Penicillin G Potassium –> Pfizerpen
  2. cloxacillin –> Cloxapen, Tegopen
  3. amoxicillin –> Amoxil, Trimox, Wymox
  4. ticarcillin –> Ticar
  5. mezlocillin –> Mezlin
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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action for PENICILLINS?

A

inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall

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20
Q

is pencillin a bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

EITHER!!!

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21
Q

What is penicillin USED for?

A
  • UTIs
  • gonorrhea
  • syphilis
  • meningitis
  • pneumonia
  • other respiratory infections
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22
Q

What is penicillin broad or narrow?

A

i think narrow

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23
Q

What are the ADVERSE EFFECTS of penicillin?

A

common: all GI tract
serious: neurotoxicity (HIGH DOSES)

24
Q

What are the contraindications of penicillin?

A
  1. allergy to it or cephalosporins
  2. renal disease
  3. pregnant
  4. not work when used with tetracyclines
25
Q

What does a penicillin allergy look like?

A
  • immediate
  • systemic
  • all over body rash
26
Q

What are the 4 CEPHALOSPORINS generic and trade names?

A
  1. cefadroxil —> Duricef
  2. Cefaclor –> Ceclor
  3. cefixime –> Suprax
  4. cefepime –> Maxipime
27
Q

What are cephalosporins classified into?

A

4 generations
- 1st = highest activity against gram-positive, lowest against gram-negative

28
Q

WHat is the mechanism of action for cephalosporin?

A

affects the bacterial cell wall
similar to penicillins!

29
Q

What is cephalosporins USED for?

A
  • reduce post-op wound infections
  • skin
  • soft tissue
  • UTIs
30
Q

What are the ADVERSE EFFECTS of cephalosporins?

A

common: GI tract
serious: neutropenia (change in WBCs), and nephritis

31
Q

Is cephalosporins Broad or narrow?

A

BROAD

32
Q

Is cephalosporins a bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bactericidal

33
Q

What are the 3 aminogycosides generic and trade name?

A
  1. Gentamicin –> n/a
  2. streptomycin –> Streptomycin
  3. vancomycin –> Vancocin
34
Q

What is the mechanism of action for aminogycosides?

A

combine with bacterial ribosomes to arrest protein synthesis

35
Q

What are aminoglycosides USED for?

A

affect gram-negative bacilli
broad
usually IV only
before abdominal surgery
eye drops for localized infection

36
Q

What are the ADVERSE effects of aminoglycosides?

A

serious: OTOTOXICITY (toxic to ears, could lead to deafness)
if used too long –> superinfection (new infection may be “superimposed” on an original infection

37
Q

What are contraindications of aminoglycosides?

A
  1. children
  2. elderly
  3. pregnant
  4. increases effect of warfarin
  5. risk of ototoxicity increases with ethacrynic acid
38
Q

What are the 3 macrolides generic and trade name?

A
  1. azithromycin –> Zithromax
  2. clarithromycin –> Biaxin
  3. erythromycin base –> Eyrc, E-mycin
39
Q

What is the mechanism of action for macrolides?

A

Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosome
bactericial –> HIGH dose
bacteriostatic –> LOW dose
BROAD spectrum

40
Q

What are the ADVERSE EFFECTS of macrolides?

A

common: GI tract
serious: ototoxicity, hepatoxicity, phlebitis

41
Q

What are the contraindications of macrolides?

A
  1. liver dysfunction
42
Q

What are the 3 fluoroquinolones generic and trade name?

A
  1. ciprofloxacin –> Cipro
  2. norfloxacin –> Noroxin
  3. gatifloaxcin –> Tequin
43
Q

What is the mechanism of action for fluoroquinolones?

A
  • interfere with DNA gyrase, an enzyme required by bacteria for synthesis of DNA –> inhibits cell reproduction
  • bactericidal
  • Broad spectrum
44
Q

What are the USES for fluoroquinolones?

A

prophylaxis
UTIs
respiratory infections
infections of bones and joints

45
Q

What are the ADVERSE EFFECTS of flouroquinolones?

A

common: GI tract, skin problems (rash, photosensitive)
Serious: liver problems (nephrotoxicity, liver dysfunction)

46
Q

What are some contraindications of fluoroquinolones?

A
  1. children
  2. pregnant
  3. cause insomnia and hyperactivity if interact w/ caffeine
  4. dont work with antiacids
47
Q

What are the 2 tetracyclines generic and trade names?

A
  1. chlorotetracycline –> Aureomycin
  2. tetracycline –> Achromycin, Sumycin, Panmycin
48
Q

What is the mechanism of action for tetracyclines?

A
  • bind to bacterial ribosomes and prevent protein synthesis
  • bacteriostatic
  • broad
49
Q

What is tetracyclines USED for?

A
  • rocky mountain spotted fever , typhus fever, treating STD infections (chlamydia, syphilis)
50
Q

What are the ADVERSE EFFECTS of tetracyclines?

A
  • common: GI problems, photosensitivity , candidiasis (superinfection–> YEAST infection)
  • serious: impaired bone growth in CHILDREN
51
Q

What are the contraindications of tetracyclines?

A
  • unborn babies
  • nursing infants
52
Q

What are the 4 Miscellaneous Antibacterial Agents generic and trade name?

A
  1. chloramphenicol –> chloromycetin
  2. clindamycin –> Cleocin
  3. spectinomycin –> Trobicin
  4. vancomycin –> Vancocin
53
Q

What is Chloramphenicol?

A

Mechanism of action
- interferes with protein synthesis
- bacteriostatic

Use
- rickettsial disease
-chlamydial disease
-typhoid

Adverse effects:
- SERIOUS TOXICITY –> bone marrow problems

contraindications
- elderly
-pregnant
-liver or kidney disease

54
Q

What is Clindamycin?

A

Mechanism of action
- inhibits with protein synthesis
- bacteriostatic

Use
- slide 48

Adverse effects:
- SERIOUS TOXICITY

contraindications
- newborn infant
-pregnant
-liver or kidney disease

55
Q

What is Spectinomycin?

A

Mechanism of action
- suppresses protein synthesis in Gram -ve bacteria
- bacteriostatic

Use
- uncomplicated gonorrhea

contraindications
- children
-pregnant

56
Q

What is Vancomycin?

A

Mechanism of action
- suppresses cell-wall synthesis
- bactericidal
- LAST RESORT

Use
- serious infections (ex: staph pneumonia)

Adverse effects:
- OTOTOXICITY

contraindications
- do NOT use if you have had previous hearing loss

HSS3106 - Pharmacology (18 decks)

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