Lecture 18- Endocrine System meds

Question 1

What consists of the Kidney structure?

Answer 1

• Nephrons
• Renal corpuscle –> contain glomerulus and glomerular capsule
• Renal tubule –> loop of Henle

Question 2

How is urine formed?

Answer 2

1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption –> where kidneys return filter fluid to environment (bloodstream)
3. Tubular secretion –> removes hydrogen ions

Question 3

What are the 3 organic waste products (metabolites) of urine?

Answer 3

1. Urea
2. Creatinine
3. Uric Acid

Question 4

What do all the organic waste products consist of?

Answer 4

nitrogenous compounds
GIVES IT DISTINCT SMELL!!!!

Question 5

How do we control urine volume?

Answer 5

regulation by REABSORPTION of water
- via ANTIDIRUETIC HORMONE (ADH)

Question 6

WHat does ADH do?

Answer 6

increases water permeability of tubules

Question 7

Can some medications cause urine retention in the bladder?

Answer 7

YES!!!
- example anticholiinergics, antidepressants

Question 8

What are electrolytes?

Answer 8

cations –> conduct electricity
or
anions –> decomposed by electricity
very important to body!!

Question 9

What are the most important cations electrolytes in the body?

Answer 9

1 . Calcium
2. magnesium
3. potassium
4. sodium

Question 10

What are the most important anion electrolytes in the body?

Answer 10

1. phosphate
2. sulfate
3. bicarbonate
4. chloride

Question 11

Where do we get our electrolytes from (x3)?

Answer 11

1. food
2. fluids
3. metabolic reactions

Question 12

Where do we lose electrolytes in our body(x3)?

Answer 12

1. feces
2. sweating
3. urine

Question 13

What population is most at risk for electrolyte imbalances?

Answer 13

ELDERLY!!!
- decreased functions (thirst, concnetration of urine, ICF, food and dluid intake)

Question 14

What is water balance and how is it regulated?

Answer 14

water intake = water output
regulated by:
- secretion of ADH
- perception of thirst

Question 15

When does ADH get secreted for water balance?

Answer 15

when PLASMA OSMOLALITY increases!!!

circulating blood volume DECREASES –> BP DECREASES

Question 16

What are diuretics?

Answer 16

promote water loss from body into urine

Question 17

What are the 5 classes of diuretics?

Answer 17

1. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors **
2. osmotic diuretics**
3. thiazide
4. loop
5. potassium sparing diruetics**

Question 18

What is the name of one Carbonic anhydride inhibitor?

Answer 18

acetazolamide –> Diamox Sequels

Question 19

What do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors do?

Answer 19

• treat glaucoma
• inhibit the activity of carbonic anhydrase
• prevent reabsorption of bicarbonates –> causes retention of sodium
• diuretic

Question 20

What is the name of 3 osmotic diruetics?

Answer 20

1. glycerin
2. mannitol
3. urea

Question 21

WHat do osmotic diuretics do?

Answer 21

decrease solute content –> decrease water reabsorption in loop of henle

Question 22

What are Potassium Sparing diruetics used for?

Answer 22

• prevent sodium reabsorption in distal tubule
• inhibit aldosterone receptors
• prevent excessive secretion of K+ in urine
• decreased water retention

Question 23

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 23

secrete hormone to control bodys internal environment

Question 24

What are glands of endocrine?

Answer 24

1. anterior pituitary **
2. posterior pituitary
3. thyroid
4. parathyroid***
5. hypothalmus***
6. thymus

Question 25

What is "congenital hypothyroidism" ?

Answer 25

absence of thyroid tissue during fetal development

Question 26

What is the thyroid hormone essential for during pregancy?

Answer 26

- embryonic growth --> BRAIN!!!

Question 27

What is one common thyroid drug name?

Answer 27

levothyroxine

Question 28

What is levothyroxine used for?

Answer 28

hypothyroidism adverse effect = hyperthyroid

Question 29

What are the drug names for 3 antithyroid medications?

Answer 29

1. methimazole 2. potassium iodide 3. propythiouracil

Question 30

What are antithyroid medications used for?

Answer 30

hyperthyroidism

Question 31

What do antithyroid medications inhibit?

Answer 31

iodine --> typically made by an enzyme called " thyroid peroxidase"

Question 32

What is the parathyroid hormone?

Answer 32

restores calcium concentration

Question 33

How does the PTH increase calcium concentration in body?

Answer 33

1. stimulates osteoclasts --> break down bone to release it 2. activates vitamin D --> increases GI Ca+ absorption 3. promotes kidneys reabsorption of calcium

Question 34

What are the types of diabetes

Answer 34

1. Type I --> get as kid 2. Type II --> most common 3. Gestational 4. Type 1.5 (blend of 1 and 2) --> get as adult

Question 35

What is Type I diabetes?

Answer 35

- lack of insulin secretion by pancreas - autoimmune - NEED insulin

Question 36

What is Type II diabetes?

Answer 36

- still have insulin but as disease progression it no longer works and at some point you might require it - resistance of insulin receptors to insulin - fix with: lifestyle, oral meds, insulin (LAST RESORT)

Question 37

What is gestational diabetes?

Answer 37

temporary happens during pregnancy

Question 38

how does our body control high blood glucose?

Answer 38

- pancreas releases insulin - liver produces glycogen - blood glucose falls

Question 39

How does our body control low blood glucose?

Answer 39

- pancreas releases glucagon - liver breaks down glycogen - blood glucose rises

Question 40

What are the 5 classes of insulin?

Answer 40

1. synthetic 2. Rapid-acting *** 3. short-acting *** 4. intermediate-acting ***** 5. long-acting

Question 41

What is the name of a rapid acting insulin?

Answer 41

lispro --> Humalog

Question 42

What is the name of a short acting insulin?

Answer 42

regular insulin

Question 43

What is the name of a intermediate - acting insulin?

Answer 43

isophane insulin suspension (NPH)

Question 44

Can insulin be taken orally?

Answer 44

NO!!! - degraded in GI tract

Question 45

What is rapid insulin used for?

Answer 45

type II adverse affect = hypoglycemia

Question 46

What is short acting insulin used for?

Answer 46

emmergency treatment of diabetic ketoacidiosis or coma - initiate type I diabete therapy adverse effect = hypoglycemia

Question 47

What is intermediate acting insulin used for?

Answer 47

control hyperglycemia

Question 48

What is long lasting insulin used for?

Answer 48

type I and type II

Question 49

What are the 5 classes of oral antidiabetic meds for TYPE II diabetes?

Answer 49

1. First generation Sulfonylureas 2. Second generation Sulfonylureas 3. Biguanides 4. Thiazolidinediones 5. alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Question 50

What is the name of one First generation Sulfonylureas?

Answer 50

chlorpropamide --> Diabinese

Question 51

What is the name of one Second generation Sulfonylureas?

Answer 51

glimepiride --> amaryl

Question 52

What is the name of one Biguanide?

Answer 52

metformin

Question 53

What is the name of one Thiazolidinedione?

Answer 53

rosiglitazone/Avandia

Question 54

What is the name of one Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor?

Answer 54

acarbose

Question 55

What do biguanides do?

Answer 55

reduce hepatic glucose output increase glucose uptake by skeletal muscles

Question 56

What do Sulfonureas do?

Answer 56

stimulate endogenous release of insulin

Question 57

What do Thiazolidinediones do?

Answer 57

1. stimulate the PPAR gamma receptor --> insulin sensitizing effects on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue 2. inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis (the making of new glucose in liver)

Question 58

What do Alpha Glucosidase inhibitors do?

Answer 58

slow digestion of starch in small intestine gets glucose to enter bloodstream more slowly