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HSS3106 - Pharmacology > Lecture 18- Endocrine System meds > Flashcards

Lecture 18- Endocrine System meds Flashcards

1
Q

What consists of the Kidney structure?

A
  • Nephrons
  • Renal corpuscle –> contain glomerulus and glomerular capsule
  • Renal tubule –> loop of Henle
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2
Q

How is urine formed?

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption –> where kidneys return filter fluid to environment (bloodstream)
  3. Tubular secretion –> removes hydrogen ions
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3
Q

What are the 3 organic waste products (metabolites) of urine?

A
  1. Urea
  2. Creatinine
  3. Uric Acid
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4
Q

What do all the organic waste products consist of?

A

nitrogenous compounds
GIVES IT DISTINCT SMELL!!!!

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5
Q

How do we control urine volume?

A

regulation by REABSORPTION of water
- via ANTIDIRUETIC HORMONE (ADH)

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6
Q

WHat does ADH do?

A

increases water permeability of tubules

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7
Q

Can some medications cause urine retention in the bladder?

A

YES!!!
- example anticholiinergics, antidepressants

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8
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

cations –> conduct electricity
or
anions –> decomposed by electricity
very important to body!!

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9
Q

What are the most important cations electrolytes in the body?

A

1 . Calcium
2. magnesium
3. potassium
4. sodium

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10
Q

What are the most important anion electrolytes in the body?

A
  1. phosphate
  2. sulfate
  3. bicarbonate
  4. chloride
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11
Q

Where do we get our electrolytes from (x3)?

A
  1. food
  2. fluids
  3. metabolic reactions
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12
Q

Where do we lose electrolytes in our body(x3)?

A
  1. feces
  2. sweating
  3. urine
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13
Q

What population is most at risk for electrolyte imbalances?

A

ELDERLY!!!
- decreased functions (thirst, concnetration of urine, ICF, food and dluid intake)

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14
Q

What is water balance and how is it regulated?

A

water intake = water output
regulated by:
- secretion of ADH
- perception of thirst

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15
Q

When does ADH get secreted for water balance?

A

when PLASMA OSMOLALITY increases!!!

circulating blood volume DECREASES –> BP DECREASES

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16
Q

What are diuretics?

A

promote water loss from body into urine

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17
Q

What are the 5 classes of diuretics?

A
  1. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors **
  2. osmotic diuretics**
  3. thiazide
  4. loop
  5. potassium sparing diruetics**
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18
Q

What is the name of one Carbonic anhydride inhibitor?

A

acetazolamide –> Diamox Sequels

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19
Q

What do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors do?

A
  • treat glaucoma
  • inhibit the activity of carbonic anhydrase
  • prevent reabsorption of bicarbonates –> causes retention of sodium
  • diuretic
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20
Q

What is the name of 3 osmotic diruetics?

A
  1. glycerin
  2. mannitol
  3. urea
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21
Q

WHat do osmotic diuretics do?

A

decrease solute content –> decrease water reabsorption in loop of henle

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22
Q

What are Potassium Sparing diruetics used for?

A
  • prevent sodium reabsorption in distal tubule
  • inhibit aldosterone receptors
  • prevent excessive secretion of K+ in urine
  • decreased water retention
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23
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

secrete hormone to control bodys internal environment

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24
Q

What are glands of endocrine?

A
  1. anterior pituitary **
  2. posterior pituitary
  3. thyroid
  4. parathyroid***
  5. hypothalmus***
  6. thymus
25
Q

What is “congenital hypothyroidism” ?

A

absence of thyroid tissue during fetal development

26
Q

What is the thyroid hormone essential for during pregancy?

A
  • embryonic growth –> BRAIN!!!
27
Q

What is one common thyroid drug name?

A

levothyroxine

28
Q

What is levothyroxine used for?

A

hypothyroidism
adverse effect = hyperthyroid

29
Q

What are the drug names for 3 antithyroid medications?

A
  1. methimazole
  2. potassium iodide
  3. propythiouracil
30
Q

What are antithyroid medications used for?

A

hyperthyroidism

31
Q

What do antithyroid medications inhibit?

A

iodine –> typically made by an enzyme called “ thyroid peroxidase”

32
Q

What is the parathyroid hormone?

A

restores calcium concentration

33
Q

How does the PTH increase calcium concentration in body?

A
  1. stimulates osteoclasts –> break down bone to release it
  2. activates vitamin D –> increases GI Ca+ absorption
  3. promotes kidneys reabsorption of calcium
34
Q

What are the types of diabetes

A
  1. Type I –> get as kid
  2. Type II –> most common
  3. Gestational
  4. Type 1.5 (blend of 1 and 2) –> get as adult
35
Q

What is Type I diabetes?

A
  • lack of insulin secretion by pancreas
  • autoimmune
  • NEED insulin
36
Q

What is Type II diabetes?

A
  • still have insulin but as disease progression it no longer works and at some point you might require it
  • resistance of insulin receptors to insulin
  • fix with: lifestyle, oral meds, insulin (LAST RESORT)
37
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

temporary
happens during pregnancy

38
Q

how does our body control high blood glucose?

A
  • pancreas releases insulin
  • liver produces glycogen
  • blood glucose falls
39
Q

How does our body control low blood glucose?

A
  • pancreas releases glucagon
  • liver breaks down glycogen
  • blood glucose rises
40
Q

What are the 5 classes of insulin?

A
  1. synthetic
  2. Rapid-acting ***
  3. short-acting ***
  4. intermediate-acting *****
  5. long-acting
41
Q

What is the name of a rapid acting insulin?

A

lispro –> Humalog

42
Q

What is the name of a short acting insulin?

A

regular insulin

43
Q

What is the name of a intermediate - acting insulin?

A

isophane insulin suspension (NPH)

44
Q

Can insulin be taken orally?

A

NO!!!
- degraded in GI tract

45
Q

What is rapid insulin used for?

A

type II
adverse affect = hypoglycemia

46
Q

What is short acting insulin used for?

A

emmergency treatment of diabetic ketoacidiosis or coma
- initiate type I diabete therapy
adverse effect = hypoglycemia

47
Q

What is intermediate acting insulin used for?

A

control hyperglycemia

48
Q

What is long lasting insulin used for?

A

type I and type II

49
Q

What are the 5 classes of oral antidiabetic meds for TYPE II diabetes?

A
  1. First generation Sulfonylureas
  2. Second generation Sulfonylureas
  3. Biguanides
  4. Thiazolidinediones
  5. alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
50
Q

What is the name of one First generation Sulfonylureas?

A

chlorpropamide –> Diabinese

51
Q

What is the name of one Second generation Sulfonylureas?

A

glimepiride –> amaryl

52
Q

What is the name of one Biguanide?

A

metformin

53
Q

What is the name of one Thiazolidinedione?

A

rosiglitazone/Avandia

54
Q

What is the name of one Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor?

A

acarbose

55
Q

What do biguanides do?

A

reduce hepatic glucose output

increase glucose uptake by skeletal muscles

56
Q

What do Sulfonureas do?

A

stimulate endogenous release of insulin

57
Q

What do Thiazolidinediones do?

A
  1. stimulate the PPAR gamma receptor –> insulin sensitizing effects on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
  2. inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis (the making of new glucose in liver)
58
Q

What do Alpha Glucosidase inhibitors do?

A

slow digestion of starch in small intestine

gets glucose to enter bloodstream more slowly

HSS3106 - Pharmacology (18 decks)

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