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Human Ecology 2222 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a social determinant of health?

A

A set of factors that act together to influence the health of individuals and communities
-influence health is either +/-

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2
Q

What is the social gradient?

A

Increase income-> better health

Decrease income-> poorer health

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3
Q

What are the main 8 social determinants of health?

A
  1. Income and its distribution
  2. Education
  3. Unemployment and job insecurity
  4. Employment and working conditions
  5. Early childhood development
  6. Food insecurity
  7. Housing
  8. Social exclusion
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4
Q

What are the 6 other SDs?

A 
Social safety network
Healths ervices
Aboriginal Status
Gender
Race Disability
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5
Q

Why is income the most important determinant of health?

A

It allows. access to other SDOH

  • can get better education, food, housing recreational activities
  • low income leads to material deprivation and social exclusion
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6
Q

What happens when you increase and decrease income?

A

Increase-> longer life and decrease. rates of suicide

Decrease-> increase rates of CVD and diabetes

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7
Q

What is income inequality?

A

The extent to which income is distributed unevenly in a country

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8
Q

What does income inequality lead to?

A

A weaker economy and poorer health for everyone -greater the distant in income the poorer quality of like and more people are affected by this unequal distribution

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9
Q

What happens in more equal societies?

A

Life expectancy, child well being, literacy and trust are all BETTER

Infant mortality, obesity, teenage pregnancy, homicide, incidence of mental illness are all LOWER
-society as a whole suffers when there is inequality

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10
Q

What does higher education lead to?

A

Better health

  • Correlated with other SDOH (better jobs, working conditions)
  • Facilitates civic engagement
  • Increases overall literacy and enhance ability to improve health though individual action
  • Provides more opportunities for individuals if their employment situation suddenly changes
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11
Q

What does employment provide?

A

Income
Sense of identity
Structure day to day life

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12
Q

What does unemployment lead to?

A

Leads to material and social deprication
Psychological stress
Adoption of health threatening coping behaviours (smoking etc)

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13
Q

What is job insecurity?

A

Par time/temporary, precarious employment

  • numbere of these jobs have increased
  • involves non standard working hours
  • hard to manage transportation and child care
  • Increases physiological and psychological stress
  • Negative effects on personal reealtionships, children behaviours
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14
Q

Why is employment and working conditions a SDOH?

A

Those most vulnerable to poor health outcomes experience adverse working conditions

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15
Q

for employment and working conditions what are the factors that shape health outcomes?

A

Employment security
Physical conditions at work
Work pace and stress
Working hours and degree of control over time
Opportunities for self expressions and individual development

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16
Q

Why is early childhood development a SDOH?

A

Early childhood experiences predicted health in later life
-poor maternal diet, parental risk behaviours, stress

The longer children live under conditions of material and social deprivation the more liegely they are to show adverse health and development outcomes

  • incompetence and emotional immaturity
  • sense of inefficacy
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17
Q

What is the most common reason for food insecurity?

A

Poverty

-simply don’t have the money to buy the best food

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18
Q

What can food insecurity lead to?

A

Nutritional inadequacies
Chronic
Diseases
Low birth weight (developmentally delayed, cycle continues)

-these conditions cost more to treated manage than would be needed to prevent them through food security

19
Q

What were the result of the study that looked at ~67,000 individuals in Ontario with regards to annual health care costs and food security?

A

23% higher (marginal food security)

49% higher (moderates food insecurityy)

121% higher (severe food insecurity)
-these were independent of other SDOH

20
Q

What is the Paradox of hunger and obesity?

A

Hunger and obesity can exist in the same families and the same individuals

21
Q

What research is there for the Paradox of hunger and obesity?

A

The need to maximize caloric intake (max cals for min price)

Tradeoff between food quantity and quality

Overeating when food is available

22
Q

How does food insecurity relate to quantitative, qualitative. psychological and social?

A

Quantitative
-not enough food

Qualitative
-reliance on inexpensive non nutritious food

Psych
-Stress associated with trying to meet daily needes

Social
-getting food in socially unacceptable ways

23
Q

How are food banks helpful?

A

Given poverty a public profile
Transportation network for surplus food
Satisfies present and urgent needs

24
Q

How are food banks harmful?

A

Acceptance of poverty
Government inaction
Food banks have become institutionalized

25
Q

What are the 3 steps in the food security continuum?

A
  1. Efficiency strategies (give charity)
    - food bank
    - soup kitchen
    - breakfast prog
  2. Transitional strategies (build capacity)
    - Community gardens & kitchens
    - Soceial enterprises
  3. Redesigne Strategies (address root cause)
    - poverty
    - housing
    - food systems
26
Q

When does community food security exist?

A

When all residents obtain a safe personally acceptable nutritious diet through a sustainable food system that maximizes health choices, community self reliance and equal access for everyone

27
Q

Why is housing a SDOH?

A

Poor quality leads to increased risk of many health problems

High housing costs= less money for food

Creates stress and unhealthy means of coping

Aboriginals on reserves lack clean wear and basic sanitation

28
Q

What is the early death rate for homeless individuals in Canada?

A

8-10x greater to die of early age

29
Q

What is social exclusion associated with?

A

Poor health

30
Q

What are some examples of social exclusion?

A

Lack of access to emergency child care when single parents work

Senior living along, unable to leave house

Immigrant who do not speak English and do not have family here

Teenagers who feel they don’t fit in

31
Q

What factors can contribute to a high level of stress?

A 
Low income
Poor housing
Food insecurity
Inadequate working conditions
Insecure employment 
Discrimination
Lack of supportive relationships 
Social Isolation
Mistrust of others
32
Q

In terms of stress and illness, what are the physiological and psychological responses to stress?

A

Phys: chronic stress->more vulnerability to CVD, immune system diseases, Type 2 diabetes

Psych: Poor living conditions-> feeling of shame, anxiety, h9opelessness, adoption of unhealthy coping behaviours

33
Q

What is the health gradient?

A

Individually oriented preventative action

Pushing health hazards

While overcoming barriers

34
Q

Why would investing in social services reduce some of the impact of SDOH?

A

Governments should spend less on healthcare and more on social programs such as:

  • ECE
  • Income assistance
  • Affordable child Care
  • Subsidize/affordable housing
35
Q

What happens if we were to spend 1 cent more on social services?

A

1 cent more spent on social services for every 1 dollar spent on health would:

  • increase life expecancy by 5%
  • decrease mortality by 3%
36
Q

What is the difference between equality, equity and structural?

A

Equality: give everyone same resources

Equity: Give access to same opportunities

Structural: Remove or alter barriers

37
Q

What is the real measure of an economy?

A

How well the typical family is doing

income, saving, debt, quality of life

38
Q

What are things the government can do to support families?

A

Invest in education, tech and infrastructure

Increase employment-> higher tax revenues cause more people will be paying

Tax bad things like pollution instead of good things like work and savings

Make everyone pay their taxes, including large corporations

39
Q

Why is the promotion of home cooked family meals a solution to SDOH?

A

Promoted as a solution to many problems

Usually moms responsibility however:

  • most moms work outside the home
  • many single parents are moms
  • many moms feel like failures for not providing nutritious family meals
  • poor parents experience chronic stress
40
Q

How can we eve beyond the kitchen in terms of the home?

A

Keeping food in perspective

  • dinner time alone cannot make children happy, healthy and well adjusted
  • Encourage home cooking if possible but font demonize people for suing convenience foods once in a while
  • recognize the diversity of peoples food experiences
41
Q

How can we eve beyond the kitchen in terms of the community?

A

Share the work

-community kitchens and suppers

42
Q

How can we eve beyond the kitchen in terms of listening?

A

Ask community members what THEY want

What works in one community may not work in another

43
Q

How can we eve beyond the kitchen in terms of the nation?

A

Make food a human right

  • fix structural inequalities to address root causes
  • most effective strategy is to reduce poverty

Support the workers who feed us
-though the whole foodchain

Support families
-paid fam leave, sick and vacation leave. Subsidized preschool, universal health care

Human Ecology 2222 (9 decks)

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