Lecture 2 (Self Study) Flashcards
What are the roots of ecology and economics?
Logus (logy): Discussion, study, knowledge
Oikos (eco): house, home, place to live
Oekos (eco): every mans house (environment)
What is ecology?
The study/science of the relationships among the various members of the earth household
What did socrates say about home economics?
Discussed home and farm management and analyzed the means that lead to success in such management
What did Aristotle say about home economics?
“Now that I have explained what are the component parts of a city, and since these include households, it is essential to being with the economics of the household.
Who is Catharine Beecher and what did she do?
1800-1878
Wrote how to manage kitchen and home efficiently
-she valued the role of housewife in family health and advocate for eduction for young women
-believed in and advocated for social reform
What are some important social forces in the development of HEc?
Industrial evolution -Child labour, pollution Trade Unions -End child labour Social Reform -Abolition of slavery Role Changes for Women -Electoral and education reform Application of Science to Solve Problems -hygiene, nutrition, meds
What happened in the late 19th Century?
Contagious disease common but no antibiotics
Prevention and education became important
Food alteration was common
Early home economists stressed the hygiene of food
What happened to home economists at the turn of the century?
Professions were being established HEc establishing as a profession -create professional organization -publish journals -hold meetings -Establish curricula in higher education
What did early economists believe that post secondary education would bring to women into social reform?
- Research
- Teacher-training programs
- General education for women
What movement of professionalization occurred?
When a growing number of college-educated women were seeking entry into the professions
What event happened at the turn of the century?
lake placid conference (1899-1908)
- first year started with 10 delegates, by 1903 700
- individuals and educational & community groups from Canada and US
- talked about problems facing families and individuals and ideas to solve them
Who was Ellen Swallow Richards?
Early leader (1842-1911)
- Considered founder of HEc
- First women to study and join faculty at MIT
- Outstanding scientist and chem engineer
- 1st scientist to conduct water. surveys
What were the 3 central themes in Ellen Swallow Richards life?
A passion for science
Commitment to. furthering women education and careers
Belief ini the home as a source for social
What did Ellen Richards do at the world expo in Chicago?
Set up Rumford Kitchen
- offers nutritious lunches for 30cents
- Calculated vales for PRO, FAT CHO and noted it on customers bills
Set up first school lunch programs
How did they settle with the term home economics?
Botanists rejected HEc using ecology so they settled for home economics
What classifications did they want in their name?
Broad aspect: sociology
Narrow Aspect: Useful Arts/Domestic Economy
Who rejected the cataloguization of HEc?
Dewey rejected this and had it under the books as Domestic Economy
> Marginalization of the. discipline
Who is Melvil Dewey?
Director of the State Library of NY
- Him and his wife Alice sponsored the Lake Placid Conference
- Known for his library classification system (Dewey decimal classification)
- One of the 1st honorary members of AHEA
Who is Wilber Atwater?
Studies of F&N
- dietary studies across US
- Socio cultural determinants of food habits
- Developed nutritional s standards
- his nutrition standards> semi starvation in children
Worked extensively with early home economists
-hired grads and published research
Who is Martha van Rensselaer?
Founder and Co-Director of the college of home economist at Cornell University and Cooperative extension service
-non-formal education program
Which programs did Martha Van Rensselaer helped with?
Ag and F&N Home and Family Environment Community Economic development 4H clubs
Who did Martha want to educate?
Wanted to educate farm women
What study did Martha do?
Sent 5000 survey letters to farm women about meal prep and dish washing
- Got 2000 back
- Combined the women responses with info from bacteriology, nutrition and scientific principles of kitchen design to write the 1st outreach bulletin
Who is Flora Rose?
Scientist and nutritionist
- Co director of College of HEc at Cornell
- friends with M. Van Rensselaer
- Created fortified breakfast cereals
Who is Adelaide Hoodless?
Became interested in application of scientific principles to homemaking when she learned her sons death could have been prevented
- died from “summer complain”
- Drinking contaminated milk
Dedicated her life to preventing similar tragedies
What was Adelaide Hoodless a founding member of?
VON (medical care for the poor) YWCA (started cooking classes) Womens Institutes Teachers Colleges National Council of Women of Canada McDonalds Institute (UofG)
Who is Sir William Macdonald?
Montreal Philanthropist
-he supported Mcdonald institute at UofG, McGill and public schools in ontario
Who is Alice Chown?
Advocate for women rights to higher education
- Her view on HEc: a means to release women from the home and economy dependancy of marriage
- chose husband on personality vs arranged
What did Alice Chown participate in as the first Canadian?
Lake Placid Conference
What did Alice Chown found?
Womens league of nations association
- based on cooperative and communal living
- These living arrangements would alleviate the isolation and poverty of married women and domestic servants
- Advocated for dress Reforma and sexual freedom
Who is Lillian Massey Treble
Rich and influential Toronto family
-thought education was key to social reform
Supported:
- cooking school at Fred Victor mission
- Nutritional science at UofT
What happened during WW1?
Higher food Costs (scarce ingredients)
“War menus” discouraged eating wheat bacon and beef
Home economists taught:
- substitution (beans for meat)
- Meatless Monday & Wheatless Wednesday
- increased consumption of F&V
- decrease food waste
What happened in the 1920s?
- Kitchenettes become popular (hard too cook in)
- Buying canned food and pre-0made meals popular
- Workplace cafeterias
- Sliced bread (1928)
- Childrens menus had calorie count and V for vitamins
- Ideal body type was very slim–> leads to crash diets
What happened in the 1920/30s?
- heart disease and cancer surpassed TB and influenza
- antibiotics decreased disease
- municipal water and sewage
- Pasturized milk
- new appliances increase domestic cleanliness
- rural women still old school
What happened in the 1930s?
- Brescia offers BA in Home Economics
- AHEA narrowed their focus to household (women of colour not welcomed in profession)
- Great Depression
What were consequences of the Great Depression on the 30’s?
- Economy collapsed, unemployment, drought
- HEc’s helped women budget
- Children absent from school
- Women afraid of hidden hunger, wanted to learn how to feed their children
What were some home economic positives of the Great Depression?
- Gave lecture, visited families and attended meetings
- Taught women how to make soap, sew and produce more food at home
- Delivered meal planning and other advice via radio segments
- focused on bland food
What were food guide warning during the Great Depression?
Warned moms that one nutritional mistake in childhood could lead to night blindness and bowed legs
What were the 2 Diest during the Great Depression?
Liberal Diet= high income
Restricted Diet= Very low income
What happened during WW2?
43%. of US army failed physicals
-Roosevelt convened the National nutrition conference for defence with 900 experts (1/4 were HEconomists)
What happened during the National Nutrition conference for Defense?
_expanded school lunch d food stamp programs with increased focus on neutron eduction
- one night 2 HEc’s and 1 government scientist reviewed research and compiled first RDAs by Agee gender and activity level
What did women join during WW2?
Joined Women land army because of labour shortage on farms
Who lead the Womens land army?
a home economist
-requesting females farm workers be paid the same as men in similar jobs
Where did many women work during this period?
Factories
-lead to child care issues (no premed food) long working hours
What came from women working in factories?
An increase in big supermarkets
freezers
convenience foods
What did the government regulate?
the production of non-essential food and rationed high value food to feed soldiers and prevent shortages at home
-HEcs made recipes for non rationed food
What happened in the 1950s?
- Increased focus on women role at home
- Mass production fridge
- Required course for girls
- fictional characters created to like old habits and new foods
- emphasis was to depersonlize cooking
In the 50s, what program provided experiential learning?
Practice house where students lived and learned basic housekeeping and childcare
- infants supplied from orphanage
- student took turns mothering the baby
What happened in the 1960’s?
- Civil rights and feminism
- decrease time teaching kids to cook, decrease fam meals
- Intro to ethnic foods
- increase environmental consicouness
- increase women working=more convenience foods
- feminists criticized field of HEcs
What kind of foods started to be produced more in the 1960s?
Instant and imitation foods
What happened in the 1970s?
- Health foods, microwaves,fad diets
- HEcs encouraged ethnic food
- Recipes and cookbooks became simpler
- Nutrition education become important (Brescia BSc (HEc) F&N Spec)
- Sustainable agriculture
Why did feminists continue to criticize the field in the 70s?
Reinforced the institution of marriage, nuclear family and manipulation of women as consumers
This lead to an identity crisis: discussions held to clarify the basic mission and philosophy of the field
What happened in the 1980’s?
Leading HEcs criticized the professions for:
-conforming to existing society
-Viewing the home in physical terms
Increased working couples and 1 parent families
Sustainable diets
“Lite” products - obsession of fat phobia
When did OHEA receive registration status?
1989
Ontario Home Economics Act
In the 80/90s what product was released and what side effects did it have?
Olestra - make something fat free
Side effect: anal leakage
What happened in the 1990’s
Early recession-> scaling down
Common sense, comfort
Celebrity Chef and food Network
Increase interest in food quality, variety and nutrition and food safety
Program closures (clothing, textiles, design at Brescia)
In the 90’s what changes in name to the profession did we see?
AHEA –> American Association of Family and Consumer Science
Home Economics–> Human Ecology
what Happened in the early 2000?
Increased eating at home (but not cooking)
Demand for authentic home cooking
Increased interest in farmers market and local foods
Low carb diet
New food safety threats
People lack skills in basic home management
What did name change happened at breccia in the early 2000?
Human Ecology –> Food and Nutritional Sciences
What happened in the 2010s?
Increase diversity in recipes and ingredients
Strong interest in reviving. education related to Home Ec
Organizations and health care professionals believe improved food skill can address chronic diseases
If HEc an old fashioned answer to a modern dilemma?
After a long decline, its back in the spot light
- people feel they dont have time skills or knowledge to cook
- loss of cooking skills has unintended consequences (increase chronic disease and food waste)
- HEc important in schools (incorporate into existing curriculum or make mandatory)
