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Cog Neuro (oh God) > Lecture 7, 8, & 9 - Interference, MRI, EEG > Flashcards

Lecture 7, 8, & 9 - Interference, MRI, EEG Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Visual network do? Where is it located?

A

Determines what an objet is
- occipital lobe processes visual info
- inferior temporal lobe determine what an object is

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2
Q

What is in the somatomotor network?

A

M1 and S1

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3
Q

What does the dorsal attention network do? Describe where the segments of it are

A

Determines whether an object is moving, where it is in space, and guides eye movement to the object
- just anterior and posterior to somatomotor and just anterior to the visual network

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4
Q

What does the ventral attention/salience network do? Where is it anatomically?

A

Important for monitoring environment broadly and detecting unexpected stimuli and shifting attention
- ventral anterior and posterior of somatomoto

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5
Q

What does the limbic network do? Where is it anatomically?

A
  • orbitofrontal cortex regulates emotion
  • entorhinal cortex regulates memory
    Most anterior and ventral area of brain
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6
Q

What does the control network do? Where is it anatomically?

A

Important for complex cognition, making decisions, solving problems, holding information in mind, and representing numbers
- weird to describe, a bit anterior but less so than the default mode network and it random bits around posterior brain

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7
Q

Where is the default mode network? What does it do?

A
  • Areas are suppressed while doing things. Responsible for internally-directed thought, thinking about things not in the current environment, the past, the future, the minds of other people
  • Anterior to the brain but also largely in temporal lobes, sagital cut shows it takes up a large portion of the cortex
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8
Q

What happened to Louis Victor Leborgne that caused him to only be able to say “tan”?

A

Lesion to his Broca’s area, understood speech but couldnt speak anything besides tan

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9
Q

What happened to Henry Molaison when his hippocampus was removed?

A

Never remembered anything again

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10
Q

Why does damage to white matter make it hard to interpret lesion studies?

A

You dont know whether the input or output caused the problem or just the severing of the connection itself

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11
Q

Do patients with aphasia that have issues with production deficits and comprehension deficits usually have lesions in the same place?

A

No

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12
Q

How does brain stimulation work?

A

Electrodes are inserted into the brain to cause or stop neuronal firing

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13
Q

How does optogenetics work?

A
  • insert gene into virus that contains an opsin and promoter for that opsin
  • insert virus into part of rats brain
  • attach electrode and a cable into area of brain
  • activate laser light
  • either causes inhibition or excitation
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14
Q

Is TMS precise?

A

Not really

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15
Q

What does TMS stand for?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

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16
Q

What can TMS do?

A

Quiet brain areas that are too active, good for depression, migraines, OCD, and smoking cesssation

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17
Q

What are the pros and cons of TMS?

A

Pros:
- temporary
- reasonably focal
- can be randomly assigned
Cons:
- some areas cannot be stimulated cus theyre too deep
- uncertainty over the size of each stimulation area
- may be affecting an excitatory or inhibitory area

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18
Q

How does an MRI work?

A
  • adds a static magnetic field to the brain
  • orients protons in a certain direction
  • RF pulse thats orthogonal to static magnetic field reorientates protons
  • relaxation is measured
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19
Q

What’s the step by step for an MRI?

A
  • protons align with a strong static magnetic field
  • radiofrequency pulse is applied to excite protons and make them spin together
  • RF pulse is turned off and protons relax
  • coils detect the energy released during relaxation
20
Q

What’s the difference between T1 and T2?

A

They measure the rate of relaxation of protons but they vary by tissue

21
Q

Where is T1 highest? Where is T2 highest?

A

T1: White matter
T2: CSF

22
Q

What can a structural MRI show?

A
  • Volume of subcortical structures
  • cortical thickness & area
  • figuring out anatomical divisions
23
Q

What does a Diffusion Tensor Imaging do?

A
  • fractional anisotropy aka diffusion of water in one direction compared to 2 orthogonal directions
  • basically looks at connections within the brain
24
Q

What does a task-based functional MRI do?

A

Sees what areas of a brain activate the most when you perform an activity

25
Q

How does an fMRI work?

A
  • deoxygenated hemoglobin has greater magnetic susceptibility and causes faster decay of T2 signal
  • more oxygenated hemoglobin -> higher MR signal
  • more deox hemoglobin -> lower MR signal
26
Q

What causes dilation of blood vessels in the brain during an activity?

A

Astrocytes

27
Q

Does lower neural activity lead to a higher or lower MR signal?

A

Lower, theres less oxygenated blood there

28
Q

Does higher neural activity lead to a higher or lower MR signal?

A

Higher, theres more oxygenated blood

29
Q

What does BOLD stand for?

A

Blood oxygen level dependent signal

30
Q

Would a BOLD signal increase or decrease in an area of interest when an activity is done that uses that area?

A

Increase, it looks like a bar graph

31
Q

What does whole brain analysis do?

A

Registers a common space which is taken from an average across participants

32
Q

What happens to a BOLD signal during a resting state fMRI?

A

It fluctuates but anatomically connected areas show correlated BOLD fluctuations

33
Q

What was rsfMRIs used to figure out?

A

The different neural networks
Done with seeds which are time courses that are extracted from regions and correlated with other voxels

34
Q

Coding by spike rate: how is it done?

A

Insert an electrode in brain area of interest and record action potentials, if its involved a lot it’ll have a lot of APs, if baseline its not involved at all, if its quiet of APs then the area is suppressed by the task

35
Q

What is a local field potential?

A

Detection of Synchronous dendritic activity

36
Q

How can raster plots and histograms display spike rate data?

A

Do a ton of trials which shows the frequency of spikes when a stimulus is present and then some where it isn’t, wherever you see Hz increase is where the brain is being activated

37
Q

How would you map a receptive field of a V1 neuron?

A

Have someone look at a fixation point, and see which cells respond when a stimulus is put over the receptive field (some area outside the fixation point)

38
Q

Do cells in the motor cortex care about which direction a body part is moving?

A

Yes, some respond more to wanting to move left right, up or down

39
Q

What is Electrocorticography?

A

A technique that measures brain waves from electrodes place on the surface of the brain

40
Q

What’s a weird finding that was found with ECog? Think Batman

A

Cat woman specific cells

41
Q

What is an EEG?

A

Electroencephalography

42
Q

What do EEGs measure?

A

Post dendritic current?

43
Q

What is an EOG? What is an ERP?

A

EOG: Electrooculogram
ERP: Event related potentials

44
Q

Pros and cons of EEG?

A

Pros:
- fast
- non invasive

Cons:
- poor spatial resolution

45
Q

What can EEG be used to detect?

A

Epilepsy

46
Q

What is an ERP?

A

Basically hundreds of combined trials of EEGs that remove background noise

Cog Neuro (oh God) (9 decks)

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