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Cog Neuro (oh God) > Lecture 16, 17, & 18 - Language, Cognitive Control, Decisions > Flashcards

Lecture 16, 17, & 18 - Language, Cognitive Control, Decisions Flashcards

1
Q

How might have language begun?

A

Gestures

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2
Q

How are mirror neurons in the region that control hands and mouth movements relate to language?

A

These areas are analogous to Broca’s area in humans

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3
Q

Language is ____ lateralized

A

Left

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4
Q

Talk about vervet communication

A

They dont call when they’re alone, and theyre more likely to call something out when theyre with kin

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5
Q

What are the structures of human language? (Not in the brain)

A
  • phoneme: smallest unit of sound that makes a difference to meaning
  • morpheme: smallest meaningful linguistic unit (words)
  • semantics: meaning of words
  • syntax: grammar
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6
Q

What is the mental lexicon?

A

The storehouse of a persons vocab and knowledge of words
Includes:
- semantics
- syntax
- visual
- sound
- context

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7
Q

Are language areas the same for people around the world?

A

No theyre semi different

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8
Q

What brain regions are involved in language?

A
  • superior temporal gyrus
  • wernicke’s area
  • supramarginal gyrus
  • Broca’s area
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9
Q

What is the superior temporal gyrus involved in?

A

Sound & phonetics

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10
Q

What is Wernicke’s area involved in?

A

Sensory integration & comprehension

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11
Q

What is the supramarginal gyrus involved in?

A

Sensory integration, phonological processing

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12
Q

What is Broca’s area involved in?

A

Language production

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13
Q

Where is the superior temporal gyrus?

A

As described lol, right below the Sylvian fissure

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14
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

Right above and anterior to the superior temporal gyrus

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15
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

Posterior to the superior temporal gyrus

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16
Q

Where is the supramarginal gyrus?

A

Above Wernicke’s area

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17
Q

Is language variable across people?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Does language lateralization emerge early on or later in development?

A

Early on

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19
Q

Are there critical periods for second language learning? If so how does it manifest

A

Yes, it manifests in the languages overlapping in the brain if you learned a second language early in life and it doesnt overlap if you learned it in adulthood

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20
Q

Can damage to regions beside Wernicke’s lead to impaired comprehension?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What leads to conduction aphasia (ability to repeat simple phrases while still having comprehension and expression in tact)?

A

Damage to the left arcuate fasciculus (connection between wernicke’s and brocas)

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22
Q

How fast does the prefrontal cortex develop?

A

Slowly

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23
Q

The control network evolved and develops ____

A

Slowly

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24
Q

What are the hubs of the control network?

A

MFG - middle frontal gyrus
IFG - inferior frontal gyrus
IPS - intraparietal sulcus
DACC - dorsal anterior cingulate cortex

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25
Q

What are the two parts of the MFG?

A

DLPFC
VLPFC

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26
Q

What is the DLPFC in charge of?

A

Maintenance

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27
Q

What is the VLPFC in charge of?

A

Manipulation

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28
Q

What is the IFG in charge of?

A

Response inhibition

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29
Q

What is the dACC in charge of?

A

Conflict processing, monitoring, decision making

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30
Q

What is the IPS in charge of?

A

Space, number

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31
Q

As you go more medial in the brain, processes become more ___

A

Internal

32
Q

As you go more external in the brain, processes become more ___

A

External

33
Q

As you go more posterior in the brain, processes become more ____

A

Concrete

34
Q

As you go more anterior in the brain, processes become more ___

A

Abstract

35
Q

What is working memory?

A

Mental workspace, interface of current info and stored knowledge

36
Q

How does working memory relate to maintenance?

A

Holding goal-relevant information in mind

37
Q

how does working memory relate to manipulation?

A

Working with goal relevant information

38
Q

Is working memory involved in tasks?

A

Yes, allows you to remember sequences of objects positions, digits, faces, scenes, flavors, and repeat sequences in forward or reverse order, and determine whether an item was in the sequence or whether an item was presented “n” trails ago

39
Q

Prefrontal neurons are ___ selective

A

Task

40
Q

When are prefrontal neurons active?

A

During delays

41
Q

What does the “what” cell do?

A

Activates once stimulus leaves and holds what the object was

42
Q

What does the “where” cell do?

A

Fires more during the second stimulus and after the second delay, remembers where an object was

43
Q

What does the PFC interact with to support WM?

A

Perceptual areas

44
Q

What peaks first when seeing faces?

A

FFA

45
Q

What peaks second after seeing faces?

A

PFC

46
Q

What is believed to cause the delay between PFC and FFA?

A

FFA communicates to PFC to activate working memory which is why PFC peaks higher than FFA during delay

47
Q

How does the PFC influence visual areas in working memory tasks? (In this case told to remember scenes or remember faces or just passively view)

A

When told to remember faces, the right PPA is inhibited, when told to remember places the right FFA is inhibited

48
Q

How does inhibition line up with cognitive control?

A

The ability to stop yourself form doing something not aligned with your goals

49
Q

What is the stop signal task?

A

You are cued to do something but you have to react to stop yourself if the stop signal is activated before you do the thing

50
Q

Describe the Go No Go task?

A

Press button when you see a dog
Do not press the button when you see a cat

51
Q

Describe the stroop task

A

It’ll tell you to say the color but it’ll be words with mismatched colored (ex. The word will say red and it’ll be the color blue)

52
Q

Which area of the cortex is involved in inhibition?

A

Right inferior frontal

53
Q

What is flexibility in cognitive control?

A

The ability to switch between goals

54
Q

Describe A not B error

A

Showing a baby initially that something is underneath something, let the baby find it, then switch the hole, the baby will usually look at the first hole

55
Q

How do rhesus monkeys react to A not B experiment with a DLPFC lesion?

A

They do the same thing as babies and fuck up the second time

56
Q

How do rhesus monkeys react to A not B experiment with a parietal lesion?

A

They perform normal

57
Q

What does A not B error reflect?

A

Issues task switching

58
Q

What are some symptoms of lateral frontal damage?

A
  • perseveration
  • problems with goal directed behaviors
  • utilization behavior
59
Q

What’s a positive thing lateral pre frontal damage associated with?

A

Better insight

60
Q

What are some factors that go into decisions?

A

Cost, ambiguity, risk, delay, quantity, commodity

61
Q

What is temporal discounting

A

Getting more money in time than you would right now

62
Q

What parts of the brain are correlated with subjective value?

A

ACC - anterior cingulate cortex
OFC - orbitofrontal cortex
VTA/SN
NAcc - nucleus accumbens

63
Q

What area of the brain had a large increase in activity when shown snacks that the participant really enjoyed?

A

VMPFC

64
Q

What area of the prefrontal cortex are involved in probability payoff and cost?

A

ACC

65
Q

What are the parts of the limbic system involved in decision making?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex or vmPFC

66
Q

What are the parts of the control network that are involved in decision making?

A

DLPFC & ACC

67
Q

What does the limbic network do for the decision making process?

A

Codes subjective value (what do i want)

68
Q

What does the control network do in terms of decision making?

A

DLPFC - exerts control over actions
ACC - integrates decision variables

69
Q

What happens to the amount of APs in the DA neurons in the VTA when given an award?

A

Increase in APs

70
Q

What happens to the DA neurons in the VTA when a reward is predicted?

A

Increase in APs

71
Q

What happens to the APs of DA neurons in the VTA when a reward is predicted but a reward doesnt come?

A

The APs go up during the prediction then are suppressed when its recognized a prediction error occurred

72
Q

When does risk taking peak in the world?

A

In adolescence

73
Q

Do reward regions develop faster or slower than the prefrontal cortex?

A

Faster

74
Q

What area of the brain is ESPECIALLY sensitive to reward in adolescents?

A

Nucleus accumbens

75
Q

What area in the brain is highly sensitive to negative emotions?

A

Amygdala

76
Q

What are the steps of using the mental lexicon?

A
  1. Accessing words from mental lexicon, match the input to stored representation in the mental lexicon
  2. Selecting most appropriate words from lexicon to convey meaning in context, involves factors such as word frequency, semantic, relatedness, and syntactic constraints
  3. Integrating selected words into a larger semantic and syntactic structure to build meaning, involves creating mental representations of the relationships between words and combining them into larger phrases and sentences

Cog Neuro (oh God) (9 decks)

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