Lecture 10, 11, & 12 - Senses, Object Recognition, Attention Flashcards
What are the 4 types of ion channels?
- voltage-gated
- ligand-gated extracellular
- ligand gated intracellular
What kind of gated channels does vision use?
Intracellular ligand gated
What gate of ion channels does audition use?
Stress activated channels
What kind of ion channels does taste use?
Extracellular ligand gated
What kind of ion channels does olfaction use?
Extracellular ligand gated
What kind of ion channels are used in touch?
Stress activated channels
What kind of ion channels are in pain sensors?
Extracellular ligand gated channels
Describe the path of vision to the visual cortex
- right visual field crosses over to the left after the optic chiasm, vise versa for left visual field
- goes to the LGN and has connections to the PVN and SC
- radiates all the way from LGN to V1
Describe the path to the primary cortex of audition
- auditory nerve on one side receives info
- info goes to dorsal cochlear nucleus (projection after DCN crosses over) and then Superior olivary nucleus (crosses over to get to SON), both have crossed over at this point to the same opposite side
- projections reach inferior colliculi (one on each side) which then projects upwards, there are now projections going up from both sides
- the projections reach the MGN in the thalamus which then project to both A1s, one on each side
How can you tell where something is around you? Note: not counting above or below
Temporal timing between sounds
How can you tell where something is either above or below you?
Pinna adjusts sounds before they enter your ear so that you can tell the difference
Describe the pathway of taste to the primary cortex
Tongue -> vagus cranial nerve -> thalamus -> taste cortex
Describe the path to S1 of somatosensation
Touch receptor, gracile or cuneate nucleus, rises through spinal cord, crosses over in medulla, rises to thalamus, thalamus projects to S1
What’s the ventral lateral nucleus in charge of?
Somatosensation for the body
Ventral medial nuclei in the thalamus in charge of?
Somatosensation for head and taste
What is the lateral geniculate nucleus in charge of in the thalamus?
Relaying Vision
What is the medial geniculate nucleus in charge of?
Relaying hearing
Where is the primary cortex of audition?
Temporal lobe
Where is the primary cortex of olfaction?
Under the frontal cortex
What is top-down control?
Signals from the cortex that change the response properties of sensors and change processing at subcortical and cortical levels (ex. Expectation of a taste)
What is the superior colliculus necessary for?
Orientation
What is the visual cortex necessary for?
Discrimination
What is the insular cortex?
An Area of decision making and interoception & most importantly the primary cortex for taste
After sleep deprivation, does decoding accuracy for food vs non food odors in the peri form cortex increase or decrease?
Increase
Eating too much chocolate ____ insula activity and ____ OFC activity in response to chocolate
Reduces, increases
Whats the difference between p-cells and m-cells?
P - color and fine detail
M - motion, coarse detail
Is dorsal stream for where or what?
Where
Is ventral stream for where or what?
What
What is visual agnosia?
Impairment in recognizing objects
Where are shape sensitive regions in the brain?
Ventral temporal cortex & ventral occipital complex
LOC cares about ____, not meaning of object
Shape
What is prosopagnosia?
Cant recognize faces
Is there a difference between prosopagnosia patients and control groups when shown a face upside down?
Nope
Where are faces recognized/Face fusiform cortex?
Ventral temporal cortex
What is the grandmother cell theory?
Cells only recognize people
What is exogenous attention?
Reflexive
Bottom-Up-Stimulus Driven
What is endogenous attention?
Voluntary
Top-down
Goal-directed
What is posner cuing paradigm?
Measuring reaction time when staring at a cross hair to raise ur hand if an arrow points where the box is
Is Posner cuing paradigm used to test endogenous or exogenous cueing?
Endogenous cus you know what youre looking for
What is overt attention?
Physically moving eye gaze to the attended location
What is covert attention?
Mentally shifting attention to the attended location
What is spatial attention?
A spotlight onto a segment of a scene where focus is driven for a particular stimuli, enhances visual processing of the spotlighted part of the scene
What do V4 neurons primarily respond to?
Color
Some neurons have a certain receptive field have a particular color sensation, what happens when that color falls within that field?
The firing rate goes wild
Does attention increase or decrease ERP amplitudes with a visual stimuli that is attended to?
INCREASE
Does attention increase ERP amplitudes to auditory stimuli that is attended to?
Yup yup
What does Steady-State visual evoked potentials do?
Basically read the mind, if you flash two lights at certain Hzs, certain areas of the brain with match the rhythm of the light the person is attending to
What area of the brain focuses on faces?
Fusiform face area
What area of the brain focuses on places?
Parahippocampal
Does BOLD increase or decrease in the FFA when showing a face?
INCREASE
Does BOLD increase or decrease in the parahippocampal area when shown a moving place?
INCREASE
Is attention constant or rhythmic?
Rhythmic
What’s a possible pro of having rhythmic attention?
Stop tunnel vision to be aware of your surroundings
What are the two attention networks?
Dorsal attention and ventral attention
What does the dorsal attention network do?
- topographic
- top down (goal directed)
- hubs in frontal eye fields and superior parietal lobule send output to primary visual areas to amplify neural activity in the attended location
- damage here can lead to reduced modulation of visual activity by attention
What does ventral attention network do?
- not topographic
- bottom up (stimulus driven)
- somewhat right lateralized
- involved in detection of salient stimuli and error detection
- damage to right inferior parietal cortex causes neglect
What can neglect cause?
Neglect of an entire hemifield, visual stimuli still activate visuals regions in the occipital lobes even if theyre unaware of items (ex. Fire on their left side of their visual field can still cause fear)
