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Cog Neuro (oh God) > Lecture 10, 11, & 12 - Senses, Object Recognition, Attention > Flashcards

Lecture 10, 11, & 12 - Senses, Object Recognition, Attention Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of ion channels?

A
  • voltage-gated
  • ligand-gated extracellular
  • ligand gated intracellular
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2
Q

What kind of gated channels does vision use?

A

Intracellular ligand gated

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3
Q

What gate of ion channels does audition use?

A

Stress activated channels

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4
Q

What kind of ion channels does taste use?

A

Extracellular ligand gated

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5
Q

What kind of ion channels does olfaction use?

A

Extracellular ligand gated

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6
Q

What kind of ion channels are used in touch?

A

Stress activated channels

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7
Q

What kind of ion channels are in pain sensors?

A

Extracellular ligand gated channels

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8
Q

Describe the path of vision to the visual cortex

A
  • right visual field crosses over to the left after the optic chiasm, vise versa for left visual field
  • goes to the LGN and has connections to the PVN and SC
  • radiates all the way from LGN to V1
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9
Q

Describe the path to the primary cortex of audition

A
  • auditory nerve on one side receives info
  • info goes to dorsal cochlear nucleus (projection after DCN crosses over) and then Superior olivary nucleus (crosses over to get to SON), both have crossed over at this point to the same opposite side
  • projections reach inferior colliculi (one on each side) which then projects upwards, there are now projections going up from both sides
  • the projections reach the MGN in the thalamus which then project to both A1s, one on each side
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10
Q

How can you tell where something is around you? Note: not counting above or below

A

Temporal timing between sounds

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11
Q

How can you tell where something is either above or below you?

A

Pinna adjusts sounds before they enter your ear so that you can tell the difference

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12
Q

Describe the pathway of taste to the primary cortex

A

Tongue -> vagus cranial nerve -> thalamus -> taste cortex

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13
Q

Describe the path to S1 of somatosensation

A

Touch receptor, gracile or cuneate nucleus, rises through spinal cord, crosses over in medulla, rises to thalamus, thalamus projects to S1

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14
Q

What’s the ventral lateral nucleus in charge of?

A

Somatosensation for the body

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15
Q

Ventral medial nuclei in the thalamus in charge of?

A

Somatosensation for head and taste

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16
Q

What is the lateral geniculate nucleus in charge of in the thalamus?

A

Relaying Vision

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17
Q

What is the medial geniculate nucleus in charge of?

A

Relaying hearing

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18
Q

Where is the primary cortex of audition?

A

Temporal lobe

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19
Q

Where is the primary cortex of olfaction?

A

Under the frontal cortex

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20
Q

What is top-down control?

A

Signals from the cortex that change the response properties of sensors and change processing at subcortical and cortical levels (ex. Expectation of a taste)

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21
Q

What is the superior colliculus necessary for?

A

Orientation

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22
Q

What is the visual cortex necessary for?

A

Discrimination

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23
Q

What is the insular cortex?

A

An Area of decision making and interoception & most importantly the primary cortex for taste

24
Q

After sleep deprivation, does decoding accuracy for food vs non food odors in the peri form cortex increase or decrease?

A

Increase

25
Q

Eating too much chocolate ____ insula activity and ____ OFC activity in response to chocolate

A

Reduces, increases

26
Q

Whats the difference between p-cells and m-cells?

A

P - color and fine detail
M - motion, coarse detail

27
Q

Is dorsal stream for where or what?

A

Where

28
Q

Is ventral stream for where or what?

A

What

29
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

Impairment in recognizing objects

30
Q

Where are shape sensitive regions in the brain?

A

Ventral temporal cortex & ventral occipital complex

31
Q

LOC cares about ____, not meaning of object

A

Shape

32
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

Cant recognize faces

33
Q

Is there a difference between prosopagnosia patients and control groups when shown a face upside down?

A

Nope

34
Q

Where are faces recognized/Face fusiform cortex?

A

Ventral temporal cortex

35
Q

What is the grandmother cell theory?

A

Cells only recognize people

36
Q

What is exogenous attention?

A

Reflexive
Bottom-Up-Stimulus Driven

37
Q

What is endogenous attention?

A

Voluntary
Top-down
Goal-directed

38
Q

What is posner cuing paradigm?

A

Measuring reaction time when staring at a cross hair to raise ur hand if an arrow points where the box is

39
Q

Is Posner cuing paradigm used to test endogenous or exogenous cueing?

A

Endogenous cus you know what youre looking for

40
Q

What is overt attention?

A

Physically moving eye gaze to the attended location

41
Q

What is covert attention?

A

Mentally shifting attention to the attended location

42
Q

What is spatial attention?

A

A spotlight onto a segment of a scene where focus is driven for a particular stimuli, enhances visual processing of the spotlighted part of the scene

43
Q

What do V4 neurons primarily respond to?

A

Color

44
Q

Some neurons have a certain receptive field have a particular color sensation, what happens when that color falls within that field?

A

The firing rate goes wild

45
Q

Does attention increase or decrease ERP amplitudes with a visual stimuli that is attended to?

A

INCREASE

46
Q

Does attention increase ERP amplitudes to auditory stimuli that is attended to?

A

Yup yup

47
Q

What does Steady-State visual evoked potentials do?

A

Basically read the mind, if you flash two lights at certain Hzs, certain areas of the brain with match the rhythm of the light the person is attending to

48
Q

What area of the brain focuses on faces?

A

Fusiform face area

49
Q

What area of the brain focuses on places?

A

Parahippocampal

50
Q

Does BOLD increase or decrease in the FFA when showing a face?

A

INCREASE

51
Q

Does BOLD increase or decrease in the parahippocampal area when shown a moving place?

A

INCREASE

52
Q

Is attention constant or rhythmic?

A

Rhythmic

53
Q

What’s a possible pro of having rhythmic attention?

A

Stop tunnel vision to be aware of your surroundings

54
Q

What are the two attention networks?

A

Dorsal attention and ventral attention

55
Q

What does the dorsal attention network do?

A
  • topographic
  • top down (goal directed)
  • hubs in frontal eye fields and superior parietal lobule send output to primary visual areas to amplify neural activity in the attended location
  • damage here can lead to reduced modulation of visual activity by attention
56
Q

What does ventral attention network do?

A
  • not topographic
  • bottom up (stimulus driven)
  • somewhat right lateralized
  • involved in detection of salient stimuli and error detection
  • damage to right inferior parietal cortex causes neglect
57
Q

What can neglect cause?

A

Neglect of an entire hemifield, visual stimuli still activate visuals regions in the occipital lobes even if theyre unaware of items (ex. Fire on their left side of their visual field can still cause fear)

Cog Neuro (oh God) (9 decks)

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