Lecture 13, 14, And 15 Flashcards
Describe the corticospinal tract/descending tract
Primary neuron in M1 sends projection down to internal capsule, then to pyramid, then decussates before going down the spinal cord, lands at a motor neuron, then going to skeletal muscle
Is the homunculus accurate?
Not rlly
What does the spinocerebellum do?
Motor coordination
What does the cerebrocerebellum do?
Complex motor planning
The cerebellum is responsible for ___ control
Quality
Can damage to the cerebellum affect correction?
Yup
Describe the motor loop
Somatomotor contacts putamen which tells thalamus to go or stop which thalamus then communicates back to somatomotor
What are the secondary motor areas?
Premotor cortex
Supplemental motor area
Both are anterior to somatomotor
What does the premotor cortex do?
Connected to parietal lobe, substrate for externally guided actions
What does the supplemental motor area do?
Connected to medial frontal, internally guided goals
What are association motor areas?
In partial lobe, sensory integration
In frontal lobe, Broca’s area which contains mouth muscle control and frontal eye fields which control eye muscle control
What are mirror neurons?
Mirror neurons fire when a goal-oriented action is observed
Mirror neuron activity is modulated by _____
Expertise
What are the two types of memory?
Nondeclarative (implicit), declarative (explicit)
What are the two types of declarative memory?
Episodic memory (events) and semantic memory (facts)
What is the one type of nondeclarative memory we care about?
Procedural memory
Describe what procedural memory is
Knowing HOW, skill learning which comes with extensive experience
Where is procedural memory contained?
Basal ganglia and cerebellum
Describe episodic memory
Memory for events/episodes, where what when
Describe semantic memory
Memory of facts, categories, and general world knowledge
Where is episodic memory stored?
Hippocampus
Where is semantic memory stored?
Cortex
What happened to patient HM?
Had epilepsy so a surgeon removed his hippocampus and he could no longer remember anything
Which cortical networks are involved in memory?
Default mode, control, and limbic
What does the default mode network do for memory?
- retrieval/recollection
- remote episodic memory
- engaged in semantic
What does control network do for memory?
- engaged during memory decisions (do you remember something?)
What does the limbic network do for memory?
Memory and emotion
What are the 3 stages of memory?
- encoding (taking in info)
- consolidation (strengthening connections using senses)
- retrieval (seeing a cue and bringing back memories)
What are subsequent memory effects?
How does brain activity during encoding relate to whether items were later remembered/forgotten
Is retrieval a constructive or straight forward process?
Constructive
Is hippocampal activity high or low during correct recollection?
High
Is hippocampal activity higher or lower during correct recollection?
Higher
Is hippocampal activity higher or lower during correct recollection?
Higher
Describe the theory of consolidation
Hippocampus stores memories with connections to cortex, reactivation of those memories triggers the cortex over and over and strengthens those synapses, eventually the memories will be stored in the cortex
What is retrograde amnesia?
You cannot remember events previous to trauma
What is anterograde amnesia?
You cant remember new things but remember things from the past
What are the two bio markers of Alzheimer’s?
Amyloid beta and Tau neurofibrillary tangles
Where does Alzheimer’s pathology congregate in?
Hippocampus
What are the three components of an emotion?
- a physiological reaction to a stimulus (peripheral response)
- a behavioral response
- a feeling (subjective response)
What is the physiological reaction to a stimulus in regards to emotion?
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system
What are the three conceptions of emotion?
- basic ( shaped by evolution, directly linked w facial expressions)
- dimensions of emotions (emotions that are fundamentally the same but differ on dimensions of valence and arousal)
- complex (shaped by learning and culture, longer lasting)
Are facial expressions universal?
Recent studies may contradict that they are
Describe valence
Facial expression emotion
Describe arousal
Gut emotion like a pit in your stomach
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
Governs physiological response associated with emotions, fighting feeding fleeing and fucking
Controls viscera
Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
What does the hypothalamus have to do with the autonomic nervous system?
Has nuclei with control over autonomic nervous and hormone secretion
What does the amygdala do?
Fear, rage and aggression, sexual behavior, face processing
Is the high or low road to the amygdala fast?
Low
Is the high road or the low road slow?
High road
What is the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala is in charge of what?
High road, slower cognitive
Inputs from hippocampus, association cortex, sensory cortex/thalamus
Outputs to medial prefrontal cortex, association cortex, ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens
What does the central nuclei of the amygdala do?
Faster, automatic
Input directly from thalamus
Output to autonomic nervous system & Modulatory systems
What are both nuclei of the amygdala controlled by?
Medial prefrontal cortex (anterior cingulate)
What does the limbic network do for emotion?
Orbitofrontal cortex regulates emotion
What can amygdala damage cause?
Kluver Bucky syndrome
How does amygdala damage reflect in Kluver-Bucky Syndrome?
- inability to recognize emotional importance
- lack of fear
- lack of aggression
- hypersexuality, indiscriminate mating
What does bilateral (both sides) damage do to emotions?
Impairs understanding of emotions
What happened to patient SM?
Bilateral lesion to amygdala
What can bilateral amygdala damage do in terms of facial recognition?
Reduces attention to eyes
What can bilateral amygdala damage do to fear learning?
Impairs implicit fear learning
