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Cog Neuro (oh God) > Lecture 13, 14, And 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 13, 14, And 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the corticospinal tract/descending tract

A

Primary neuron in M1 sends projection down to internal capsule, then to pyramid, then decussates before going down the spinal cord, lands at a motor neuron, then going to skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Is the homunculus accurate?

A

Not rlly

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3
Q

What does the spinocerebellum do?

A

Motor coordination

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4
Q

What does the cerebrocerebellum do?

A

Complex motor planning

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5
Q

The cerebellum is responsible for ___ control

A

Quality

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6
Q

Can damage to the cerebellum affect correction?

A

Yup

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7
Q

Describe the motor loop

A

Somatomotor contacts putamen which tells thalamus to go or stop which thalamus then communicates back to somatomotor

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8
Q

What are the secondary motor areas?

A

Premotor cortex
Supplemental motor area
Both are anterior to somatomotor

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9
Q

What does the premotor cortex do?

A

Connected to parietal lobe, substrate for externally guided actions

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10
Q

What does the supplemental motor area do?

A

Connected to medial frontal, internally guided goals

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11
Q

What are association motor areas?

A

In partial lobe, sensory integration
In frontal lobe, Broca’s area which contains mouth muscle control and frontal eye fields which control eye muscle control

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12
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Mirror neurons fire when a goal-oriented action is observed

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13
Q

Mirror neuron activity is modulated by _____

A

Expertise

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14
Q

What are the two types of memory?

A

Nondeclarative (implicit), declarative (explicit)

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15
Q

What are the two types of declarative memory?

A

Episodic memory (events) and semantic memory (facts)

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16
Q

What is the one type of nondeclarative memory we care about?

A

Procedural memory

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17
Q

Describe what procedural memory is

A

Knowing HOW, skill learning which comes with extensive experience

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18
Q

Where is procedural memory contained?

A

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

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19
Q

Describe episodic memory

A

Memory for events/episodes, where what when

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20
Q

Describe semantic memory

A

Memory of facts, categories, and general world knowledge

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21
Q

Where is episodic memory stored?

A

Hippocampus

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22
Q

Where is semantic memory stored?

A

Cortex

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23
Q

What happened to patient HM?

A

Had epilepsy so a surgeon removed his hippocampus and he could no longer remember anything

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24
Q

Which cortical networks are involved in memory?

A

Default mode, control, and limbic

25
Q

What does the default mode network do for memory?

A
  • retrieval/recollection
  • remote episodic memory
  • engaged in semantic
26
Q

What does control network do for memory?

A
  • engaged during memory decisions (do you remember something?)
27
Q

What does the limbic network do for memory?

A

Memory and emotion

28
Q

What are the 3 stages of memory?

A
  • encoding (taking in info)
  • consolidation (strengthening connections using senses)
  • retrieval (seeing a cue and bringing back memories)
29
Q

What are subsequent memory effects?

A

How does brain activity during encoding relate to whether items were later remembered/forgotten

30
Q

Is retrieval a constructive or straight forward process?

A

Constructive

31
Q

Is hippocampal activity high or low during correct recollection?

A

High

32
Q

Is hippocampal activity higher or lower during correct recollection?

A

Higher

33
Q

Is hippocampal activity higher or lower during correct recollection?

A

Higher

34
Q

Describe the theory of consolidation

A

Hippocampus stores memories with connections to cortex, reactivation of those memories triggers the cortex over and over and strengthens those synapses, eventually the memories will be stored in the cortex

35
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

You cannot remember events previous to trauma

36
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

You cant remember new things but remember things from the past

37
Q

What are the two bio markers of Alzheimer’s?

A

Amyloid beta and Tau neurofibrillary tangles

38
Q

Where does Alzheimer’s pathology congregate in?

A

Hippocampus

39
Q

What are the three components of an emotion?

A
  • a physiological reaction to a stimulus (peripheral response)
  • a behavioral response
  • a feeling (subjective response)
40
Q

What is the physiological reaction to a stimulus in regards to emotion?

A

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

41
Q

What are the three conceptions of emotion?

A
  • basic ( shaped by evolution, directly linked w facial expressions)
  • dimensions of emotions (emotions that are fundamentally the same but differ on dimensions of valence and arousal)
  • complex (shaped by learning and culture, longer lasting)
42
Q

Are facial expressions universal?

A

Recent studies may contradict that they are

43
Q

Describe valence

A

Facial expression emotion

44
Q

Describe arousal

A

Gut emotion like a pit in your stomach

45
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Governs physiological response associated with emotions, fighting feeding fleeing and fucking

Controls viscera

Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

46
Q

What does the hypothalamus have to do with the autonomic nervous system?

A

Has nuclei with control over autonomic nervous and hormone secretion

47
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Fear, rage and aggression, sexual behavior, face processing

48
Q

Is the high or low road to the amygdala fast?

A

Low

49
Q

Is the high road or the low road slow?

A

High road

50
Q

What is the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala is in charge of what?

A

High road, slower cognitive

Inputs from hippocampus, association cortex, sensory cortex/thalamus

Outputs to medial prefrontal cortex, association cortex, ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens

51
Q

What does the central nuclei of the amygdala do?

A

Faster, automatic

Input directly from thalamus

Output to autonomic nervous system & Modulatory systems

52
Q

What are both nuclei of the amygdala controlled by?

A

Medial prefrontal cortex (anterior cingulate)

53
Q

What does the limbic network do for emotion?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex regulates emotion

54
Q

What can amygdala damage cause?

A

Kluver Bucky syndrome

55
Q

How does amygdala damage reflect in Kluver-Bucky Syndrome?

A
  • inability to recognize emotional importance
  • lack of fear
  • lack of aggression
  • hypersexuality, indiscriminate mating
56
Q

What does bilateral (both sides) damage do to emotions?

A

Impairs understanding of emotions

57
Q

What happened to patient SM?

A

Bilateral lesion to amygdala

58
Q

What can bilateral amygdala damage do in terms of facial recognition?

A

Reduces attention to eyes

59
Q

What can bilateral amygdala damage do to fear learning?

A

Impairs implicit fear learning

Cog Neuro (oh God) (9 decks)

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