Lecture 1 & Lecture 2 - Brainstem And Spine Flashcards
What do astrocytes do?
- Provide neurons with nutrients from blood
- maintain extra cellular ion balance
- send signals to neurons and other glia
How can you tell something is an astrocyte by looking at it?
It has a star shape and is spherical
What do oligodendrocytes do?
Form myelin around axons
White matter is made of myelinated ____ and glia
Axons
Grey matter is made of neuron ____ _____
Cell bodies
What are the 4 roles of CSF?
- protection
- buoyancy
- nutrition
- waste removal
Is white matter on the inside or outside for the spinal cord?
Outside
Is grey matter on the inside or outside for the spinal cord?
Inside
What are the 5 segments of the spinal cord?
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- coccygeal
How many vertebrae are in each section of the spine?
- C1-C8
- T1-T12
- L1-L5
- S1-S5
- Coc 1
Where does the spinal cord end?
Lumbar
What parts of the body does cervical innervate?
Back of the head, upper back, arms
What does the thoracic innervate?
Mid body and a small sliver of the arms
What does lumbar innervate?
Legs minus hamstrings and parts of the calves
What does sacral innervate?
Pee pee, ass and hamstrings
What part of the spinal cord has the most white matter?
Cervical
Where is there more gray matter?
Where more neural control is needed
What is the order of the major divisions of the brainstem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla, spinal cord
My pussy makes sinners cry
Where are the pyramids?
Medulla
What structures are in the midbrain?
Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus
What structures are in the pons?
Cerebellar peduncles
What structures are in the medulla?
Gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus?
What is the order of the ascending tract?
- Primary neuron: cell in dorsal root ganglion, synapses in dorsal column nucleus: gracile for lower body and cuneate for upper
- Secondary neuron (gracile or cuneate) which synapses to thalamus and decussates
- Tertiary neuron: cell body in thalamus, synapses to cortex
Is the cuneate or gracile nucleus more medial?
Gracile, its more dorsal as well
Where can you see the dorsal column system nuclei?
Lower medulla
What can you see in the upper medulla?
- fourth ventricle
- medial lemniscus
- inferior olive
- pyramids
What’s right above the upper medulla?
Pons
What is the third neuron in the ascending tract?
Ventral posterior lateral nucleus?
Where does the ascending tract go to?
S1
What is the order of the corticospinal tract?
- Primary neuron: cell body in motor cortex, synapses in spinal cord
- Secondary neuron: cell body in spinal cord, synapses on muscle
Where is the primary neuron in corticospinal tract?
M1 (motor cortex)
Where does the primary neuron travel next in the corticospinal tract?
Corona radiate then internal capsule
Where is the axon of the primary neuron of the corticospinal tract in the midbrain?
In cerebral peduncles of the midbrain
Where is the axon of the primary neuron in the pons?
Ventral part
Where is the axon of the primary neuron in the upper medulla?
The pyramids
Where is the axon of the primary neuron in the lower medulla?
The pyramids
Where is the axon of the primary neuron in the lower medulla?
The pyramid but decussating
Where is the axon of the primary neuron in the ventral horn?
The lateral corticospinal tract and synapses in the ventral horn to get to the alpha motor neurons
Where is dopamine produced?
SN and VTA both located in the midbrain
Where does dopamine project to?
Striatum and frontal lobe which is important in motor control and cognition
Where is norepinephrine produced?
Locus coeruleus in the pons
Where does NE project to?
Throughout the brain and works in arousal stress attention and memory
Where is serotonin produced?
The raphe nuclei goes down the brainstem
Where does serotonin project to?
Throughout the brain and implicated in memory mood and pain suppression
