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Cog Neuro (oh God) > Lecture 22 & 23 - Mental Health & Law > Flashcards

Lecture 22 & 23 - Mental Health & Law Flashcards

1
Q

Why is early identification of psychological disorders important?

A

Early identification can be treated and hence reduce symptoms

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2
Q

What is the gray matter volume equation?

A

Cortical thickness x area

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3
Q

How is gray matter volume affected in youth with psychosis symptoms?

A

Decreased gray matter

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4
Q

What network is disrupted in psychosis?

A

DMN

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5
Q

What are some areas affected by psychosis in youth?

A

Precuneus, OFC, VMPFC, medial temporal lobe

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6
Q

Why is it hard to diagnose patients off of data?

A

There’s so much variability (think about her being 6 ft)

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7
Q

What is needed for a successful diagnostic tool?

A
  • sensitive
  • specific
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8
Q

Have neuroimaging tools lived up to the criteria for diagnosing psychiatric illness?

A

No

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9
Q

Where can TMS affect activity?

A

On surface of cortex or a lil bit deeper

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10
Q

Is TMS excit, inhibit, or either?

A

Either

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11
Q

Where is TMS applied for depression?

A

DLPFC

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12
Q

Where is schizo applied for schizophrenia?

A

Superior temporal regions for auditory hallucinations

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13
Q

Where is TMS applied for OCD?

A

DLPFC & SMA

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14
Q

Where is TMS applied for smoking cessation?

A

Prefrontal or insular cortices

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15
Q

When is TMS used for psychiatric treatment?

A

Treatment resistant patients who havent benefitted from medication and therapy

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16
Q

How does Neurofeedback work?

A

Self regulation of brain activity by providing feedback of brain activity in real time via EEG or fMRI

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17
Q

What did the neurofeedback for ADHD show?

A

FMRI neurofeedback allowed boys to increase activation in the rIFG and had reduced symptoms

Follow up study included a sham condition where participants were given the past participants data, the sham also showed symptom improvements

18
Q

What are some of the challenges of diagnoses?

A
  • hard to find reliable neural markers for psychiatric illnesses
  • heterogeneity of diagnoses
  • comorbidity and developmental continuity
  • categorical vs. dimensional models
19
Q

What is childhood adversity associated with?

A

Blunted VTA connectivity development

20
Q

Major depressive disorder and substance use disorders are highly ____

A

Comorbid

21
Q

SUD is associated with ___ in reward neurocircuitry, and MDD associated with ___ in reward neuro circuitry

A

Hyperactivity & hypoacitvity

22
Q

How are SUD and MDD related?

A

Neurobiological changes due to SUD (withdrawal reducing DA levels) may contribute to MDD (substance use may increase activity in brain regions that are hypoactive in MDD), or vice versa

23
Q

How does early life stress change affect the VTA?

A

Changes gene expression leading to reduced exploration following adult stress

24
Q

With more ACES (childhood traumas), how is VTA connection to mPFC affected?

A

It decreases over the years

25
Q

Is scizophrenia associated with high or low ACES?

A

High

26
Q

What is RDOC?

A

NIH’s attempt to contextualize psychiatric disorders with neurobio roots

27
Q

What is HiTOP?

A

Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology that has different scores for each level that then goes into targeted treatment

28
Q

What is a “p” factor?

A

General risk factor

29
Q

What was found in the Meta-analysis of fMRI and PET studies of cognitive control including patients with many disorders?

A

Hypoactivation of control network and salience network (external attention to whats important)

Hyperactivation in mPFC thats correlated to pain and social rejection

30
Q

What are brain disorders that could increase likelihood of crime?

A
  • lesions to OFC
  • frontal EEG abnormality following TBI
  • low frontal brain activity due to genetics
  • prenatal alcohol, tobacco, lead exposure
  • social stressors
31
Q

What is the comparative question method?

A

Ex. Did you kill a man in Reno
The point is to compare this question to an easier question like “have you ever stolen”

32
Q

What is the guilty knowledge method?

A

ex. Did the knife have a wooden handle
The point is to have a bell ring for them and the truth will be reflected in the reaction of the person

33
Q

What are some physiological reactions to emotional information?

A

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system
- pupil dilation
- heart rate increase
- sweating

34
Q

What are some brain areas in deception?

A

TPJ, IPL, MFG

35
Q

What are some problems with using fMRI for lie detection?

A
  • group data is not individuals
  • fMRI studies are more experimental than anything and often about lies that dont matter
  • sensitivity and specificity of fMRI lie detection is not well supported
36
Q

What are some issues with eyewitness testimony?

A
  • susceptible to misinformation
  • susceptible to filling in gaps based on expectations
  • gets worse over long periods of time
  • worse in individuals with poorer memory, likes kids and older adults
37
Q

What are some issues with identifying perpetrators in a line up?

A
  • worse if poor vision or viewing conditions or not enough time to view
  • worse under stress
  • worse if asked to identify perpetrator from a diff racial group
38
Q

What age group is most likely to commit crimes?

A

Adolescents

39
Q

Can neuroimaging be used to confirm intent?

A

Not enough evidence behind it, a case tried to use it and it was flimsy at best

40
Q

When does cognitive control reach adult levels?

A

Around 25 years

41
Q

What regions of the brain develop faster than prefrontal cortex?

A

Reward regions

42
Q

When is the PFC highly plastic?

A

Adolescence based on resting state BOLD function amplitude as a marker

Cog Neuro (oh God) (9 decks)

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