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253 - anatomy > Lecture 6: Muscle Introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Muscle Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of muscle cells

A

IRRITABILITY (“Electrical Excitability”)
• CONTRACTILITY
• EXTENSIBILITY
• ELASTICITY

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2
Q

what are the 3 types of msucle cells

A

skeletal
smooth
cariac

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3
Q

what are the chracteritics of skeletal muscle

A

striated

voluntary

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4
Q

what are the chracteristics of smooth msucle

A

non striated, non voluntary, visceral

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5
Q

what are the chracteritics of cardiac muscles

A

striated
non voluntary
specialized

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6
Q

what is fascia

A 
Dense irregular connective tissue
• Completely surrounds the muscle
• Surrounds groups of muscles
• Skeletal muscle found deep to it
• Extensions of the fascia = Epimysium
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7
Q

What is the whole muscle covered by?

A

EPIMYSIUM

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8
Q

what is the whole msucle a group of

A

FASICLES

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9
Q

What is each fasicle covered by

A

perimysium

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10
Q

what is each fasicle made up of?

A

made up of bundles of MUSCLE

FIBERS

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11
Q

what is each muscle fiber covered with

A

endomysium

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12
Q

what is another name for muscle fiber?

A

muscle cell

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13
Q

be able to label the msucle diagram

A

./

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14
Q

Deep to the endomysium, what is each msucle fiber covered with

A

sarcolemma

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15
Q

what is each individual myofibril covered with>?

A

SR

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16
Q

what is each msucle fiber made up of?

A

bundles of myofibrils

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17
Q

what is Each MYOFIBRIL made up of

A

MYOFILAMENTS

proteins

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18
Q

within each sarcomere, what does each myofibril contain

A 
3000 ACTIN (thin) myofilaments*
1500 MYOSIN (thick) myofilaments*
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19
Q

What do the actin and mysosin filaments die

A

Glide between each other in the contraction/relaxation of
muscle (length of each does not change, but the amount of
overlap does)

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20
Q

what is the sarcomere

A

fucntional unit of a myofibril

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21
Q

be able to label the actin and myosin filamets

A

/

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22
Q

What are the cross striations of the sarcomere

A

alternating bands of light and dark

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23
Q

what are the dark bands made up of/ the light bands (in a darcomere)

A 
Dark Bands (A Bands): Actin + Myosin
• Light Bands (I Bands): Actin only
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24
Q

true or false: H zone is only myosin?

A

truw

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25
Q

What are the z lines and m lines

A

Z lines (disks): indicate boundaries of sarcomere

M line (protein bands): center of sarcomere

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26
Q

how many cross bridges are there?

A

50 pairs per filament

27
Q

what is the purpose of the SR

A

stores calcium

28
Q

what is the fucntion of the T tubules?

A

allow AP to move efficeintly through the muscle

29
Q

be able to label all the elemetns of a sarcomeere

A

g

30
Q

What does kuscle contraction need

A

• Motor Neuron
• Motor Unit = Gross Functional Unit of the muscle
Ø Motor neuron + Muscle fiber

  • Motor unit is found at the Myoneural junction
  • Skeletal muscle – “All or none” principle
  • Smooth muscle – Peristalsys principle
31
Q

Where is the motor unit found

A

at the myoneural junction

32
Q

true or false: skeletal muscle is a all or non principle

A

true

33
Q

what principle do smooth muscles have

A

peristalsis

34
Q

understand tthe myoneural junction

A

.

35
Q

What are the different muscle fiber shapes

A 
LONGITUDINAL (Parallel)
• FUSIFORM
• UNIPENNATE
• BIPENNATE
• MULTIPENNATE
• RADIATE (Triangular / Convergent)
• CIRCULAR
36
Q

explain parallel shape and where can you find it

A

Only one direction of movement

found in rectus abdominus

37
Q

explain fusiform msucle and ex

A 
skinny then bulge
most muscles (biceps)
38
Q

explain the pennate msucles and examples

A

Unipennate : one dircetion of fiber, flexor pollicis longus
Bipennate: 2 directions of fiber out of tenfon, tricep
tripennate: 3 directiosn of fiber, deltoid

39
Q

explain circular amd ex

A

fibers go along a circular motion

eyeball

40
Q

explain triagnular and ex

A

looks triangular

pec

41
Q

what are the ways we name the muscle

A
  • ACTION
  • DIRECTION OF FIBERS
  • LOCATION
  • SIZE
  • # OF ORIGINS
  • SHAPE
  • ORIGIN / INSERTION
42
Q

What is origin mean

A

ORIGIN: Proximal end, less mobile bone

•

43
Q

what does insertion mean

A

INSERTION: Distal end, more mobile bone

•

44
Q

what does muscle belly mean

A

BELLY (Head): Fleshy or meaty part

•

45
Q

what is an aponeurosis

A

APONEUROSIS: Broad, flat, tendon

46
Q

explain agonist vs antagonist

A
  • AGONIST (Prime mover): Main action muscle

* ANTAGONIST: Opposing muscle

47
Q

explain synergist

A
  • SYNERGIST: Helps in action of agonist

* SYNERGIST (Fixator): Stabilizes to help agonist

48
Q

explain • Atrophy vs. Hypertrophy

A

atrophy: loss
hypertrohpy: growth

49
Q

what are tendons

A

extrensions of the msuce belly

50
Q

true or false Epimysium, Perimysium and Endomysium are tendons

A

TRUE

51
Q

What type of tissue are tendons> and what are they made of

A
  • Dense, regular connective tissue
  • Parallel bundles of collagenous fibers

• May / may not have a synovial sheath

52
Q

what is the fucntion of tendons

A

• Attaches muscle to bone (at the periosteum)

53
Q

What is the function of a ligament

A
  • Attach bone to bone
  • Important for joint stability
  • Joint (fibrous) capsules offer strength / stability
  • Also offer certain level of flexibility for movement
  • Attaches to the bone’s periosteum
54
Q

what are ligs made up of

A
  • Dense regular or irregular connective tissue
  • Mostly parallel fibers
  • Mainly collagenous fibers
  • Some elastic fibers
55
Q

what are the 3 types of exercise

A

isometric
isotonic
isokinetic

56
Q

explain isometric exercise

A

tension is developed but no mechanical work is performed. Shortening or lengthening is prevented where there is no observable joint or functional movement

FIXED RANGE/STATIC

57
Q

explain isotonic execise

A

equal tension on the muscle is maintained
while the length of the muscle is decreased during performance. The exercise is performed with a fixed resistance at variable speeds. This is called Progressive Resistive Exercise (PRE).

THOROUGH RANGE, DYNAMIC, DIFF SPEED

58
Q

explain isokinetic exercise

A

Isokinetic means constant speed. Isokinetic training provides an accommodating resistance that allows to maximally load dynamically contracting muscles at each point of a joint’s ROM, thus enabling to do
more work than is possible with either constant of variable resistance.
(Kuland)

59
Q

what are the two types of contraction

A

concerntration

eccentric

60
Q

explain concentric contraction

A

Concentric is the most common type of muscle contraction. It occurs when the muscle shortens as it develops tension.

61
Q

explain eccentric contraction

A

Eccentric is where the muscle is lengthening in a constant state of tension. While lowering a weight, the muscle gives in to the resistance of the weight by stretching. An eccentric contraction can bring about a braking action.

62
Q

WHERE IS muscle spindle located and what is its fucntion

A

located in the belly

prevrents overstretching by reacting contracting immeditely

63
Q

WHERE are golgi tendon organs located

A

located in tendonous junction

are able to sense that tension is prolongued and controlled so they instruct the muscle spindles to stop contraction

64
Q

how long until golgi tendons are initiated

A

6-10 secs

253 - anatomy (14 decks)

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