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253 - anatomy > Lecture 4: Introduction to GENERAL osteology > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Introduction to GENERAL osteology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main types of bone cells and explain their purpose

A

1) Osteoblast: (building/immature bone cell)
2) Osteocyte: (fully mature/functional bone cell=does the “maintenance”
3) Osteoclast: breakdown of bone (destroy harmful cells, release minerals from bone, make room for new bone cells)

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2
Q

What are the 7 main features of long bones?

A

Diaphysis: shaft
Epiphysis: proximal and distal ends
Metaphyses: contains epipheseal plate (which is originally cartilage which allows it to grow but eventally calcifies into a plate)
Articular Cartilage: Around the edges that articulate
Periosteum: Covers the outside of bone (except where articular cartilage is)
Medular cavity: Hollow to make bones lighter and to make room for cells
Endosteum”: lines medular cavity

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3
Q

BE ABLE TO LABEL AND LONG BONE WITH ALL THE FEATURES (diaphyses etc)

A

..

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4
Q

Explain compact bone and where can you find it

A

Observed at the surface of a bone along the edges and makes up most of the diaphysis of long bones

Looks dense but is pourous and offers protection and support

  • Offers protection and support
  • Resistant to stresses caused by weight and movement
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5
Q

What is a big reason your bones are resistant to stresses caused by weight and movement

A

COMPACT BONE

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6
Q

What are the components of COMPACT BONE tisse?

A 
Osteons
Osteonic canal
Concentric lamellae
Lacunae
Caniculae
Intersticial lamellae
Interosteonic canals
Circumferential lamellae
Sharpeys fibers
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7
Q

BE ABLE TO LABEL ALL THE COMPANETS OF COMPACT BONE TISSUE

A

look at slides for diagram

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8
Q

What is the osteon

A

Structural unit of the compact bone (tube withing a tube)

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9
Q

What is the osteonic canal?

A

In the center of osteons to provide blood supply (they are the vertical canals)

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10
Q

What are the concentric lamellae?

A

RINGS

You will find osteocytes inside the osteon maintaining equilibrium

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11
Q

What is the lacunae

A

Space between the lamella (lake/surround around the osteocytes

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12
Q

What is the canniculae

A

“appendages” that connect each osteocyte

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13
Q

What are the intersticial lamellae

A

gaps between osteocytes

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14
Q

what are the interosteonic canals and another name for them

A

In between osteons (they are the horizontal canals)

volkmann canals

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15
Q

What are the circumferential lamellae

A

Follows around the circumference of the bone

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16
Q

What are perforatiing (sharpeys fibers)

A

They anchor the perioosteum to the bone surface and they make it so the bone can adapt to many forces

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17
Q

Does the Periosteum completely cover the long bones?

A

NO it covers most (the diaphyses) but does not surround bone ends at articular cartialge

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18
Q

What are the 2 layers of Periosteum

A

Fibrous OUTER LAYER

and Osteogenic inner layer (sharpeys fibers)

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19
Q

True or false: The spongy bone tissue contains osteons?

A

FALSE

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20
Q

What are 2 other names for spongy tissue bone?

A

Trabecular and cancellous

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21
Q

Where is spongy tissue found?

A

interior of the bone, protected by covering of compact bone

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22
Q

What are the 4 main components of spongy tissue>

A

Concentric lamellae
Osteocytes
Lacunae
Canaliculi

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23
Q

What are the 2 main differences between compact bone tissue and spongy bone tissue

A

SPONGY BONE DOES NOT CONTAIN OSTEONS

spongy bone is arranged in an irregular fashion

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24
Q

What are the spaces between the trabeculae filled with?

A

RED BONE MARROW

YELLOW BONE MARROW

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25
What does red bone and yellow bone marrow produce?
RED: RED BLOOC CELL PRODUCTION YELLOW: ADIPOSE TISSUE
26
What are the 4 main arteries for the bones?
Periosteal arteries: supply periostum and outer part of compact bone Nutrient artery: enters center of disaphyses metphyseal arteries: in the middle (arteries around joint) epiphyseal arteries: outer ends
27
be able to label blood supply diagram
..
28
What are the 4 stages to bone formation?
1) Initial formation in embryo and fetus 2) General growth through infancy, childhood, and early adulthood 3) Bone remodeling through life 4) Repair (from fractures) through life
29
What are the 2 types of ossification (bone formation) and what bones form from which?
1) Intramembranous ossification (flat bones, skull, facial bones, mandible) 2) Endochondral ossification (most other bones)
30
Be able to label compact/spongy bone structure
.
31
What are the 4 steps to INTRAMEMBRANOUS ossification (flat bones, skull)
1) Development of the ossification center 2) Calcification 3) Formation of trabeculae 4) Development of the periosteum
32
What is the main difference between Intramembranous and endochondrol ossification?
intramembranous has NO CARTILAGE MODEL
33
True or false and explain: Flat bones have a lot of hollow spaces
FALSE, flat bones are completely occupied by tissue
34
What are the 6 steps of endochondrol ossification
1) development of the cartilage model 2) growth of cartilage model 3) dev of primary ossification center (beings in the diaphysis) 4) Dev of the medullary cavity (hollow inside) 5) dev of secondary ossification centers (occur in the epiphyses of the bone) 6) Formation of articular cartilage (around bone articualting surfaces) and the epihyseal growth plate
35
Where does the primary ossification center develop | Where do the secondary ossification centers develop
POC= begins in diaphysis | SOC=beings in epiphyses
36
True or false? The epiphyseal is the only place for length growth in the bone?
true
37
What are the 4 zones in the epiphyseal plate for growth?
- Zone of reserve/resting cartilage - Zone of proliferating cartilage - Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - Zone of calcified cartilage * Zone of calcified cartilage * Dead chondrocytes because extracellular matrix has calcified * Osteoclasts dissolve calcified cartilage, then osteoblasts and capillaries invade area * Osteoblasts lay down bone extracellular matrix, process of endochondral ossification, “new diaphysis formed as a result
38
Be able to label the zones of an epiphyseal plate
..
39
Explain the zone of reserve/resting cartilage
Closes to the epiphysis, consists of small scattered chondrocytes. These are immature chondrocytes waiting to grow
40
Explain the zone of proliferating cartilage
Previous resting cartilage cells begin to develop and multiply
41
Where is the zone of reserve/resting cartilage located?
Closest to the epiphysis
42
Does bone growth (length) happen in the metaphysis or the diaphysis>
IN THE METAPHYSIS
43
Explain the zone of hypertrophic cartilage
Mature chondrocytes are explanding and growing
44
Explain the zone of calcified cartilage
Osteoblasts secrete calcium to ossify the chondrycytesand then they stick to the already formed diaphysis.
45
Where is the location of the zone of calcified cartilage?
Towards Diphyseal side
46
True or false: bones have periosteal ridges, they are not 100% smooth
TRUE
47
Explain the 4 steps of bone growth (width)
1) Periosteal ridges create grrove for periosteal blood vessel 2) Periosteal ridges fuse 3) Osteoblasts build new concentric lamellae inward toward center=FORMS AN OSTEON 4) Bone grows outwards and repeats
48
True or false: Cartilage model is the FINAL shape of the mature bones?
FALSE: bone modelling occurs after ossification
49
What are the 2 factors that effect final shape of a bone?`
1) Gravitational forces (pressure epiphysis) | 2) Functional forces (traction epiphysis)
50
Be able to identify the difference btween a regular bone and an osteoporotic bone
.
51
What are the 3 classification of joints? latin/english
1) Synarthrosis / fibrous 2) Amphiarthrosis / Cartilagenous 3) diarthrosis / synovial
52
Classify the joints by least free motion to most free motion
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
53
True or false: Synarthrosis joints have a lot of free motion
false they are immoveable
54
What are the 3 subtypes of joints under syarthrosis and give examples
1) Suture (tiny movement possible) found in skull bones 2) Syndesmosis (no movement AT ALL): found between ulna and radius = interosseous membrane 3) gomphosis= teeth
55
Which are the 3 types of joints is considered to be immovable
Synarthrosis/fibrous
56
Which are the 3 types of joints is considered to be "slightly moveable"
Amphiarthrosis/'cartilagenous
57
Which are the 3 types of joints is considered to be "free motion"
Diarthrosis/synovial
58
What are the 2 subtypes of joints under amphiarthrosis and give example
Synchondrosis: costal cartilage Symphysis: pelvic bone
59
What are the 6 subtypes of joints under diarthrosis
Arthrodial/gliding, Ellipsoidal/condyloid, Ginglymus/hinge, Sellar/saddle, Enarthrodial/ball and socket, Trochoid/pivot
60
What are the chracteristics of a synovial./diarthrosis joint?
- Joint capsule/articular capsule - Articulating surface and articular cartilage - synovial membrane and synovial fluid
61
Be able to label the parts of a synovial joint
.
62
Explain arthrodial/gliding joints and give example
They are biaxial/triaxial allow for gliding motion for smooth movements found in bones or wrist and ankle
63
explain glingymus/ hinge joints and example
They are uniaxial movement allow for a hinge motion of joint found in elbow
64
explain trochoid/pivot joint and example
They are uniaxial movement Allow for a pivot/supine and pronation found in radiulnar superior and inferior joints (radius head and radial notch)
65
explain ellipsoidal (condyloid) and example
They are biaxial movement (2 directions) allow for abduction/adduction and flexion/extension found in wrist joint
66
explain sellar/saddle joint and example
They are biaxial (have more motion than gliding but less than condyloid found in thumb
67
explain enarthrodial (ball and socket) and example
They are multiplanar (motion in multiple planes) allows for large range of motion found in hip and leg found in shoulder
68
What are the 4 components of a lever system?
lever, fulcrum, force for motion, force for resistance
69
explain the 4 components of a lever system
LEVER: rigid body fulcrum: around which the lever moves force: applied to lever to cause motion force: applied to the lever that gives resistance
70
Explain the lever system in the human body
Lever: the long bones Fulcrum: the joints Moving force: muscles act as the moving force, and the Resistive force: force of gravity or a weight
71
EXplain 1st class lever and give an example in the body
First Class Lever: Fulcrum is between the moving force (muscle) and the resistance (weight) Fulcrum= joints of the spine resistance: gravity in the front moving force: back muscles in the back
72
Explain 2nd class lever and give an example in the body
Second Class Lever: The resistance lies between the fulcrum and the force fulcrum: big toe resistance: gravity moving force: calf muscles
73
Explain 3rd class lever and give an explain the body
Third Class Lever: The force is placed between the fulcrum and the resistive force fulcrum: elbow joint resistance: weight at the hand moving force: bicep muscle
74
Are most joints in the body 1st, 2nd or 3rd class levers>?
3rd class
75
Wht is the study of bones called?
osteology
76
what is the study of joitns called?
arthrology
77
What are the 4 classes of bones?
flat long short irregular
78
What is the name of a living skeleton
Endoskeleton
79
What is the name of a non living skeleton
EXoskeleton
80
Explain a long bone and an example
Long bones are longer than they are wide | ex: humerus, ulna, radius, femur
81
Explain a short bone and an example
More "cubic" | ex: carpals in wrist
82
Explain a flat bone and where is an example
Flat shaped | Scapula, sternum
83
Explain an irregular bone and an example
Does not fit in the category of anyhitn else | ex: vertebrae and pelvis
84
What are the 2 other classes of bone (not as common)
1) Sutural bone (found in the skull) | 2) Sesamoid bone (patella)
85
What are the functions of bone?
``` Support Protection acts as a lever with msucles for movement blood cell formation triglyceride storage storage/release for mienrals ```
86
What are the 2 types of ossificaiton
1) Endochondral | 2) Intramembranous
87
EXPLAIN endochondral ossification
Bone forms by replacement of hyaline cartilage (long bones of the extremities)
88
explain intramemrbanous ossification
Forms directly in the matrix by increasing growth of collagenous fibers (flat bones of the skull and face)
89
What is the periosteum?
A fibrous membrane surrounding compact bone
90
What is trabeculae and is it a component of compact or spongy bone>
lamellae arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns
91
Where do the periosteal arteries enter and what do they supply blood to.
* Enter diaphysis through interosteonic canals | * Supply periosteum and outer part of compact bone
92
Where does the nutrient artieries enter and what do they supply blood to
Enters near center of diaphysis via oblique angled hole called nutrient foramen nutrients inside of the bone
93
Where do metaphyseal arteries arrise>
Arise from arteries around associated joint
94
where do Epiphyseal arteries arrise?
• Arise from arteries around associated joint
95
What are the 3 elements taht make up the skeltal system?
Bones, cartilage, joints

253 - anatomy (14 decks)

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