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253 - anatomy > Lecture 4: Introduction to GENERAL osteology > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Introduction to GENERAL osteology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main types of bone cells and explain their purpose

A

1) Osteoblast: (building/immature bone cell)
2) Osteocyte: (fully mature/functional bone cell=does the “maintenance”
3) Osteoclast: breakdown of bone (destroy harmful cells, release minerals from bone, make room for new bone cells)

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2
Q

What are the 7 main features of long bones?

A

Diaphysis: shaft
Epiphysis: proximal and distal ends
Metaphyses: contains epipheseal plate (which is originally cartilage which allows it to grow but eventally calcifies into a plate)
Articular Cartilage: Around the edges that articulate
Periosteum: Covers the outside of bone (except where articular cartilage is)
Medular cavity: Hollow to make bones lighter and to make room for cells
Endosteum”: lines medular cavity

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3
Q

BE ABLE TO LABEL AND LONG BONE WITH ALL THE FEATURES (diaphyses etc)

A

..

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4
Q

Explain compact bone and where can you find it

A

Observed at the surface of a bone along the edges and makes up most of the diaphysis of long bones

Looks dense but is pourous and offers protection and support

  • Offers protection and support
  • Resistant to stresses caused by weight and movement
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5
Q

What is a big reason your bones are resistant to stresses caused by weight and movement

A

COMPACT BONE

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6
Q

What are the components of COMPACT BONE tisse?

A 
Osteons
Osteonic canal
Concentric lamellae
Lacunae
Caniculae
Intersticial lamellae
Interosteonic canals
Circumferential lamellae
Sharpeys fibers
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7
Q

BE ABLE TO LABEL ALL THE COMPANETS OF COMPACT BONE TISSUE

A

look at slides for diagram

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8
Q

What is the osteon

A

Structural unit of the compact bone (tube withing a tube)

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9
Q

What is the osteonic canal?

A

In the center of osteons to provide blood supply (they are the vertical canals)

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10
Q

What are the concentric lamellae?

A

RINGS

You will find osteocytes inside the osteon maintaining equilibrium

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11
Q

What is the lacunae

A

Space between the lamella (lake/surround around the osteocytes

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12
Q

What is the canniculae

A

“appendages” that connect each osteocyte

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13
Q

What are the intersticial lamellae

A

gaps between osteocytes

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14
Q

what are the interosteonic canals and another name for them

A

In between osteons (they are the horizontal canals)

volkmann canals

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15
Q

What are the circumferential lamellae

A

Follows around the circumference of the bone

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16
Q

What are perforatiing (sharpeys fibers)

A

They anchor the perioosteum to the bone surface and they make it so the bone can adapt to many forces

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17
Q

Does the Periosteum completely cover the long bones?

A

NO it covers most (the diaphyses) but does not surround bone ends at articular cartialge

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18
Q

What are the 2 layers of Periosteum

A

Fibrous OUTER LAYER

and Osteogenic inner layer (sharpeys fibers)

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19
Q

True or false: The spongy bone tissue contains osteons?

A

FALSE

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20
Q

What are 2 other names for spongy tissue bone?

A

Trabecular and cancellous

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21
Q

Where is spongy tissue found?

A

interior of the bone, protected by covering of compact bone

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22
Q

What are the 4 main components of spongy tissue>

A

Concentric lamellae
Osteocytes
Lacunae
Canaliculi

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23
Q

What are the 2 main differences between compact bone tissue and spongy bone tissue

A

SPONGY BONE DOES NOT CONTAIN OSTEONS

spongy bone is arranged in an irregular fashion

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24
Q

What are the spaces between the trabeculae filled with?

A

RED BONE MARROW

YELLOW BONE MARROW

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25
Q

What does red bone and yellow bone marrow produce?

A

RED: RED BLOOC CELL PRODUCTION
YELLOW: ADIPOSE TISSUE

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26
Q

What are the 4 main arteries for the bones?

A

Periosteal arteries: supply periostum and outer part of compact bone
Nutrient artery: enters center of disaphyses
metphyseal arteries: in the middle (arteries around joint)
epiphyseal arteries: outer ends

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27
Q

be able to label blood supply diagram

A

..

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28
Q

What are the 4 stages to bone formation?

A

1) Initial formation in embryo and fetus
2) General growth through infancy, childhood, and early adulthood
3) Bone remodeling through life
4) Repair (from fractures) through life

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29
Q

What are the 2 types of ossification (bone formation) and what bones form from which?

A

1) Intramembranous ossification (flat bones, skull, facial bones, mandible)
2) Endochondral ossification (most other bones)

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30
Q

Be able to label compact/spongy bone structure

A

.

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31
Q

What are the 4 steps to INTRAMEMBRANOUS ossification (flat bones, skull)

A

1) Development of the ossification center
2) Calcification
3) Formation of trabeculae
4) Development of the periosteum

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32
Q

What is the main difference between Intramembranous and endochondrol ossification?

A

intramembranous has NO CARTILAGE MODEL

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33
Q

True or false and explain: Flat bones have a lot of hollow spaces

A

FALSE, flat bones are completely occupied by tissue

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34
Q

What are the 6 steps of endochondrol ossification

A

1) development of the cartilage model
2) growth of cartilage model
3) dev of primary ossification center (beings in the diaphysis)
4) Dev of the medullary cavity (hollow inside)
5) dev of secondary ossification centers (occur in the epiphyses of the bone)
6) Formation of articular cartilage (around bone articualting surfaces) and the epihyseal growth plate

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35
Q

Where does the primary ossification center develop

Where do the secondary ossification centers develop

A

POC= begins in diaphysis

SOC=beings in epiphyses

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36
Q

True or false? The epiphyseal is the only place for length growth in the bone?

A

true

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37
Q

What are the 4 zones in the epiphyseal plate for growth?

A
  • Zone of reserve/resting cartilage
  • Zone of proliferating cartilage
  • Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
  • Zone of calcified cartilage
  • Zone of calcified cartilage
  • Dead chondrocytes because extracellular matrix has calcified
  • Osteoclasts dissolve calcified cartilage, then osteoblasts and capillaries invade area
  • Osteoblasts lay down bone extracellular matrix, process of endochondral ossification, “new diaphysis formed as a result
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38
Q

Be able to label the zones of an epiphyseal plate

A

..

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39
Q

Explain the zone of reserve/resting cartilage

A

Closes to the epiphysis, consists of small scattered chondrocytes. These are immature chondrocytes waiting to grow

40
Q

Explain the zone of proliferating cartilage

A

Previous resting cartilage cells begin to develop and multiply

41
Q

Where is the zone of reserve/resting cartilage located?

A

Closest to the epiphysis

42
Q

Does bone growth (length) happen in the metaphysis or the diaphysis>

A

IN THE METAPHYSIS

43
Q

Explain the zone of hypertrophic cartilage

A

Mature chondrocytes are explanding and growing

44
Q

Explain the zone of calcified cartilage

A

Osteoblasts secrete calcium to ossify the chondrycytesand then they stick to the already formed diaphysis.

45
Q

Where is the location of the zone of calcified cartilage?

A

Towards Diphyseal side

46
Q

True or false: bones have periosteal ridges, they are not 100% smooth

A

TRUE

47
Q

Explain the 4 steps of bone growth (width)

A

1) Periosteal ridges create grrove for periosteal blood vessel
2) Periosteal ridges fuse
3) Osteoblasts build new concentric lamellae inward toward center=FORMS AN OSTEON
4) Bone grows outwards and repeats

48
Q

True or false: Cartilage model is the FINAL shape of the mature bones?

A

FALSE: bone modelling occurs after ossification

49
Q

What are the 2 factors that effect final shape of a bone?`

A

1) Gravitational forces (pressure epiphysis)

2) Functional forces (traction epiphysis)

50
Q

Be able to identify the difference btween a regular bone and an osteoporotic bone

A

.

51
Q

What are the 3 classification of joints? latin/english

A

1) Synarthrosis / fibrous
2) Amphiarthrosis / Cartilagenous
3) diarthrosis / synovial

52
Q

Classify the joints by least free motion to most free motion

A

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

53
Q

True or false: Synarthrosis joints have a lot of free motion

A

false they are immoveable

54
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of joints under syarthrosis and give examples

A

1) Suture (tiny movement possible) found in skull bones
2) Syndesmosis (no movement AT ALL): found between ulna and radius = interosseous membrane
3) gomphosis= teeth

55
Q

Which are the 3 types of joints is considered to be immovable

A

Synarthrosis/fibrous

56
Q

Which are the 3 types of joints is considered to be “slightly moveable”

A

Amphiarthrosis/’cartilagenous

57
Q

Which are the 3 types of joints is considered to be “free motion”

A

Diarthrosis/synovial

58
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of joints under amphiarthrosis and give example

A

Synchondrosis: costal cartilage
Symphysis: pelvic bone

59
Q

What are the 6 subtypes of joints under diarthrosis

A

Arthrodial/gliding, Ellipsoidal/condyloid, Ginglymus/hinge, Sellar/saddle, Enarthrodial/ball and socket, Trochoid/pivot

60
Q

What are the chracteristics of a synovial./diarthrosis joint?

A
  • Joint capsule/articular capsule
  • Articulating surface and articular cartilage
  • synovial membrane and synovial fluid
61
Q

Be able to label the parts of a synovial joint

A

.

62
Q

Explain arthrodial/gliding joints and give example

A

They are biaxial/triaxial
allow for gliding motion for smooth movements
found in bones or wrist and ankle

63
Q

explain glingymus/ hinge joints and example

A

They are uniaxial movement
allow for a hinge motion of joint
found in elbow

64
Q

explain trochoid/pivot joint and example

A

They are uniaxial movement
Allow for a pivot/supine and pronation
found in radiulnar superior and inferior joints (radius head and radial notch)

65
Q

explain ellipsoidal (condyloid) and example

A

They are biaxial movement (2 directions)
allow for abduction/adduction and flexion/extension
found in wrist joint

66
Q

explain sellar/saddle joint and example

A

They are biaxial (have more motion than gliding but less than condyloid
found in thumb

67
Q

explain enarthrodial (ball and socket) and example

A

They are multiplanar (motion in multiple planes)
allows for large range of motion
found in hip and leg
found in shoulder

68
Q

What are the 4 components of a lever system?

A

lever, fulcrum, force for motion, force for resistance

69
Q

explain the 4 components of a lever system

A

LEVER: rigid body

fulcrum: around which the lever moves
force: applied to lever to cause motion
force: applied to the lever that gives resistance

70
Q

Explain the lever system in the human body

A

Lever: the long bones
Fulcrum: the joints
Moving force: muscles act as the moving force, and the Resistive force: force of gravity or a weight

71
Q

EXplain 1st class lever and give an example in the body

A

First Class Lever: Fulcrum is between the moving force (muscle) and the resistance (weight)

Fulcrum= joints of the spine
resistance: gravity in the front
moving force: back muscles in the back

72
Q

Explain 2nd class lever and give an example in the body

A

Second Class Lever: The resistance lies between the fulcrum and the force

fulcrum: big toe
resistance: gravity
moving force: calf muscles

73
Q

Explain 3rd class lever and give an explain the body

A

Third Class Lever: The force is placed between the fulcrum and the resistive force

fulcrum: elbow joint
resistance: weight at the hand
moving force: bicep muscle

74
Q

Are most joints in the body 1st, 2nd or 3rd class levers>?

A

3rd class

75
Q

Wht is the study of bones called?

A

osteology

76
Q

what is the study of joitns called?

A

arthrology

77
Q

What are the 4 classes of bones?

A

flat
long
short
irregular

78
Q

What is the name of a living skeleton

A

Endoskeleton

79
Q

What is the name of a non living skeleton

A

EXoskeleton

80
Q

Explain a long bone and an example

A

Long bones are longer than they are wide

ex: humerus, ulna, radius, femur

81
Q

Explain a short bone and an example

A

More “cubic”

ex: carpals in wrist

82
Q

Explain a flat bone and where is an example

A

Flat shaped

Scapula, sternum

83
Q

Explain an irregular bone and an example

A

Does not fit in the category of anyhitn else

ex: vertebrae and pelvis

84
Q

What are the 2 other classes of bone (not as common)

A

1) Sutural bone (found in the skull)

2) Sesamoid bone (patella)

85
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A 
Support
Protection
acts as a lever with msucles for movement
blood cell formation
triglyceride storage
storage/release for mienrals
86
Q

What are the 2 types of ossificaiton

A

1) Endochondral

2) Intramembranous

87
Q

EXPLAIN endochondral ossification

A

Bone forms by replacement of hyaline cartilage (long bones of the extremities)

88
Q

explain intramemrbanous ossification

A

Forms directly in the matrix by increasing growth of collagenous fibers (flat bones of the skull and face)

89
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A fibrous membrane surrounding compact bone

90
Q

What is trabeculae and is it a component of compact or spongy bone>

A

lamellae arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns

91
Q

Where do the periosteal arteries enter and what do they supply blood to.

A
  • Enter diaphysis through interosteonic canals

* Supply periosteum and outer part of compact bone

92
Q

Where does the nutrient artieries enter and what do they supply blood to

A

Enters near center of diaphysis via oblique angled hole called nutrient foramen
nutrients inside of the bone

93
Q

Where do metaphyseal arteries arrise>

A

Arise from arteries around associated joint

94
Q

where do Epiphyseal arteries arrise?

A

• Arise from arteries around associated joint

95
Q

What are the 3 elements taht make up the skeltal system?

A

Bones, cartilage, joints

253 - anatomy (14 decks)

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