lecture 13: vertebrae Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 elements of the axial skeleton
A
SKULL
• VERTEBRAE
• THORAX (Ribs / Sternum)
2
Q
what are the 5 vertrbrae and their numbers
A
CERVICAL (7) THORACIC (12) LUMBAR (5) SACRAL (5) – Sacrum COCCYGEAL (4) –Coccyx
3
Q
how many vertebrae do we have
A
33
4
Q
how many vertbebral BONES do we have
A
26 bones
5
Q
true or false: coccyx and sacral are fused together (by a joint)
A
true
6
Q
how many vertebral disks do we have
A
(24
7
Q
where is the first vertebral disk located ? and what are they made of
A
- First between C2 and C3
* Fibrocartilage
8
Q
why is there no disk between C1 and c2
A
becuse of the added process (DENS), there is no space for disk b/w c1 and c2
9
Q
where is the last vertbaral disk located?
A
between L5 and s1
10
Q
kyphotic curves are also known as
A
primary curves
11
Q
lordotic curves are also known as
A
secondary curves
12
Q
be able to label the 4 curves of tge vertabra
A
.
13
Q
what are the 5 vertebral curvatures
A
newborn kyphosis Head extension – Cervical Lordosis Thoracic curve remains Becoming upright – Lumbar Lordosis Sacral and Coccygeal curves – fused
14
Q
when you are born, what is the vertebral curvature
A
kyphotic curve
15
Q
what happens when a baby starts to do head extension
A
cervical lordosis
16
Q
why does the thoracic curve remain the sasme
A
since its already in kyphotic position form being born
17
Q
what curve does becoming upright when young cause
A
lumbar lordosis
18
Q
what are the 3 kyphotic curves
A
thoracic, sacral, coccygeal
19
Q
what are the 2 lordotic curves
A
cervical and lumbar
20
Q
what are the fundemental development positions
A
Supine Prone Rolling •Quadruped Crawling
21
Q
what are the transitional postitions in development
A
Sitting
• Kneeling
• Squatting
22
Q
what are the functional development positions
A
Vertical stance
gait
23
Q
waht are the 3 ATYPICAL
POSTURAL CONDITIONS
A
kyphosis
lordosis
scoliosis
24
Q
be able to identify kyphosis, lordossis and scoliosis
A
kd
25
what is kyphosis
exageration of the kyphotic spine (mostly in thoracic spine)= really rounded
26
what is lordosis
can happen in cervical and lumbar
27
what are the 2 ways you can get scoliosis and how do they come about
functional: compensation
structural: born with bad structure
28
True or false:
| There is more cases of functional scoliosis over structural scoliosis
true
29
True or false: C1 has a body
false
30
what is the weight bearing portion of the vertebra
body/centrum
31
what is the vertebral foramen
the large hole through the center
32
what surrounds the vertebral foramen and what is it composed of
VERTEBRAL ARCH
| composed of pedicles and laminae)
33
What are the pedicles and what do thye connect
pedicle: anterior junctions
| connects body to transverse process
34
what are lamina and what do they conenct
laminae posterior junctions
| . links transverse to the spinous
35
true or false : spinour processess come out from the sides and transverse proceesses come out from the tope
false
SPINOUS IS FROM THE TOP
TRANSVERSE IS FROM THE SIDE
36
HOW MANY superior articular processes are there? how many infereior articular processess?
2 and 2
37
what does the intervertebral foramen hold
holds the spinal nerves
38
be able to label the characteritcs on a verterbra
l,m
39
what are the intervertebral disks mostly made of?
water
40
what happens to the intervertebral disks in weight bearing situations
gets compressed
41
which vertebrae's spinous processes are usually bifid
c2-c6
42
true or false: transverse formamina applies to all vertebra
false, only to cervical
43
why do we have transverse foramina
to hold the vertebral artery
44
which is the most prominent cervical vertebra
c7
45
what is another name for c1
atlas
46
what does c1 have instead of a body
2 lateral masses
47
what motion is the c1 vertabra responsible for>
"yes motion" and side bendin
| =condulloid joint
48
be able to indenty a cervical vertabra and label it
l
49
what do the 2 Superior Articular Facets on the c1 vetibra articulate with
Occipital
| Condyles
50
true or false: there is an aticulation facet for the dens on c1
true
51
what is another name for c2
axis
52
true or false: C1 has the dens
false c2 has the dens
53
what is another name for the dens
odontoid process
54
what movement is the c2 responsible for
"no "
| pivot motions
55
what is the ligament of c2
Transverse Atlantal Ligament
56
be able to identify and label a c2
.
57
what can whiplash cause
huge risk of transverse ligament being disuped and the dens can damage spnal cord
58
59
True or false: the thoracic vertabrea articulate with the occiput
false, they articulate with the ribs
60
What do the demi-facets on the bodies of thoracic articulate with
• Articulate with ribs (head)
61
what do the Facets on transverse processes articulate with
• Articulate with ribs (tubercle)
62
what plane are the two facets of the thoracic located in
coronal
63
where does rotation and side bending occur at thoracic vertebra
at facet joints
64
be able to label a thoracic vertabea
.
65
look at slide for thoracic vertabra articulating with ribs
.
66
what plane are the facet joints in the lumbar vertrba
saggital plane
67
what movmeents are lumbar vertabra responsible for
flexion, extension
68
be able to identity and label lumbar vertebra
69
true or false: sacrum is 4 fused vertebrae
false, it is 5 fused
70
be able to label a sacrum
.
71
is the medical sacral crest seen posterior or anterior
posterior
72
what was the median sacral crest orginally
fused spinous processess
73
where do the sacral nerves exit?
sacral forament
74
what was the wings of the sacrum originally
fusion of transverse processess
75
where is the sacal promontory>
Ridge of the anterior body (superior)
76
what is the sacral canal
the continouation of the vertabral canal
77
where does the spinal cord end
L1/L2
78
where is the sacral hitatus located
S5 (end point of the canal)
79
where does the pelvis (illium bones) attach
the auricular (articular) surface
80
is the coccyx 4 or 5 bones
4
81
what type of joint is the sacroilliac joint
diartthrosis synovial gliding
82
what is the sacroilliac joint formed by
the illium and sacrum
83
what is the sacroilliac joint responsible for
Transfer of dynamics between the torso/pelvis and the
| pelvis / lower extremity
84
what are the 4 ligaments associated to the sacroilliact joint
1) interosseaous sacral ligament
2) illiolumbar ligament
3) sacrotuberous
4) sacrospinous
85
what are the 2 subtypes of interosseaous sacroilliac ligaments
ventral interosseous ligrament
dorsal interosseous ligament
86
where do you find the illilumba ligament
L4 and L5
87
where is the sacrotuberous ligament
ishial tuberocitty
88
where is the sacrospinous ligament
ischial spine
89
be able to identiy sacroilliac ligaments
.
90
true or false: we have the same amount of water content in our intervertebral disks for our entire life
false
| Water content is high at birth and loss of water as aging processess
91
our height stays constant daily?
False, it decreases
92
how is regular height resumed
through nightly osmosis
93
what is the general name for permanent thinning of the disk
spondylosis
94
what can disc compression cause (genral answer)
possible herniation
95
disk allows BLANK in the spine
MOVEMENT
96
what is the function of the annulus fibrosis
binds the vertebral bodies together and provides stability
97
what are the 2 types of fibers in the annulus fibrosis
spiral and oblique
98
true or false: the annulus fibrosis permits motion between the vertebral bodies
true
99
what structure retains the nucleus pulposus
the annulus fibrpsis
100
true or false: ONLY the nucleous polpusus acts as a shock absorbing mechanism?
false:
| annulus fibrosis also acts as a shock absorpting
101
what are the 2 functions of the nucleus pulposis
equalize stress
| important in exchange of fluid between the disk and the capillaires in verttebra
102
where does The axis of movement between two adjacent vertebrae
runs vertically through
nucleus pulposus
103
be able to locate the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
.
104
what is a herniated disk
normally, the nucleous pulposus is contained within the annulus fibbrosis but in a herniated disk it is not contains
105
what are the different disc problems (spondylosis)
```
Degenerated disk
Bulging disk
Herniated disk
thinning disk
disk degenation with ostephyte formation
```
106
what is spondylothesis
fracture of vertaabra causeing disk slipping
107
what are the ligaments of the verterbal column (7)
1) anterior longitudinal ligament
2) posterior longitudinal ligament
3) ligament flavum
4) supraspinous ligament
5) ligamentum nucahe
6) intertransverse ligament
108
where do you find the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament
foiund on either side of the body of the vertebra
109
where do you find the ligamemtum flavum
lamina to lamina
110
Where do you find the interspinous ligaments and what does it limit
inbetween spinous processess and limits flexion
111
where do you find the supraspinous ligament
(on top of spinous processess)
112
where do you find the ligamemtum nuchae
base of the occiput to c7
113
what fills the lordocitic curve
the ligamemtum nuchae
114
where is the intertransverse ligaament
in between transverse processess
115
what does the intertraansverse ligament limit
side bending
116
where is the vertebra prominens
c7
117
where is the superior angle of the scapula
t2
118
where is the medial border of the scaoular spine
t3
119
where is the inferior angle of the scapula
t7
120
where is the imaginary line across both illiac crests
L4/L5
121
where is the line across posterior superior illiac spine
S2
122
where is the triangle of auscultation
medial to the inferior angle of the scpapula
123
where do you find the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament
foiund on either side of the body of the vertebra
