Lecture 2/3: Tissues Flashcards by Tanya Thibault

What form can tissues be in (4)

TISSUES may be solid (bone), semi-solid (fat), soft (muscles, ligaments), or liquid (blood)

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What are the 4 tissue types?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

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What is the name of the embryonic connective tissue?

MESENCHYME

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Name the 3 germ layers and what they are/function

Ectoderm=forms outer covering of the body and nervous tissue
Endoderm=forms lining of body and digestive tract
Mesoderm= forms everything else (bones,muscles, blood etc)

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What are the 4 functions of epithelial tissue?

Protection (epidermis of skin)
Filtration (of nutrients)
secretion (release of hormones enzymes etc)
excretion (waste products)

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What is one defining factor about epithelium tissue?

Closely packed cells with hardly any extracellular material between the cells

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What are the two types of epithelium tissue (by location)

1) SURFACE EPITHELIUM: Lining and covering

2. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM: Secretory tissue in glands

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True or false: Epithelium is considered AVASCULAR?

True

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What is the basement membrane?

The Basement Membrane is a non-cellular layer of materials which holds the epithelia to the underlying
connective tissue (and gives strength to the epithelium)

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True or False: Epithelial Cells have a LOW ability to repair and divde?

false

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What are the 2 surfaces of the the epithelium and where are they located?
BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY ON A DIAGRAM

1) APICAL (free) SURFACE: faces the body cavity, lumen, duct, etc.
2) BASAL SURFACE: deepest layer (attached to the Basement Membrane

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What are the 2 layers of the basement membrane>?

1) Basal Lamina

2) Reticular lamina

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What is the location of the basal lamina and what does it contain>

Closer to the basal surface (closer to the actual epithelial cells), contains laminum (glue) and collagen (strenght)

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What is the location of the reticular lamina and what does it contain?

Closer to the connective tissue, contains collegen produced by connective tissue (fibroblasts)

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Be able to label the apical (free surface), epithelial cells), basal surface, Basement membrane and the layers (basal and reticular) and the connective tissue

See diagram in slides

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What are the 4 shapes of the epithelial cells and their descriptions>

Squamous: flat and thin
Cuboidal: square
Columnal: rectangular
Transitional: squamous and cuboid (ability to change shapes)

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What are the 3 arrangement of layers of epithelial cells and their description?

Simple: single row of cells
Pseudostratified: Single row of cells with different overlapping sizes but all attached to the basement membrane
stratified: 2 or more rows of cells

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How do we name the shape of epithelial cells if there are more than 1 type of shape?

Name based on the shape of the Apical layer (top layer)

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What is the function of simple squamous epithelium and where does it line?

function: allows for the rapid passage of substances through them
Lining: cardio and lymphatic

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What are 2 examples of simple squamous epithelium

Endothelium:
Mesothelium:

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What is the function of simple cuboid epithelium

Functions in secretion and absorption

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what is the function of simple columnar epithelium and what are the two distinctions of them?

Functions in secretion and absorption and they can be ciliated or non-ciliated

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Explain ciliated vs non ciliated

Ciliated: are hair like projections for filtration and helping move things along (seen in bronchioles etc)
Non-ciliated: do not have cilia (stomach, intestines etc.)

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What is the fucntion of stratified squamous epithelium? and the two distinctions of them

protective layer, cells replace those lost due to friction (apical cells are further from blood and die)
They can either be keratinized SSE or non keratinzed SSE

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Explain the difference btween keratinized vs non keratinized

``` Keratinized SSE (contain protein KERATIN) • Tough and water resistant (epidermis) ``` Non-keratinized SSE do not contain keratin found on wet surfaces subject to wear and tear • Lining of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, covers tongue

What is the appearance of stratified transitional epithial and what are the main shapes?

* Appearance is variable (transitional) | * Mostly cuboidal or columnar, with some squamous

Where do you find stratified transitional epithelial celle

Hollow organs (stomach, bladder, esophagus)

What are the two types of epithelial membranes?

MUCOUS MEMBRANES | SEROUS MEMBRANES

What is the function of a mucous membrane

Secrete mucous to keep linings moist (esophagus, stomouch, lungs)

True or False: Mucous Membranes always have access t to the exterior?

True

What is the function of a serous membrane and where do they mostly line

secrete fluid for lubrication (mostly line the body cavities in abdomen)

explain visceral and parietal layers of a serous membrane (fist in a balloon)

Visceral: Inner deepest level (closest to the fist) Parietal: Outer level

What is the function of Glandular epithelium

SECRETION!

What are the two types of secretion in glandular epithelium?

Endocrine and Exocrine

Explain exocrine secretion

If a gland (and its duct) retain connection to the epithelium then it is considered exo. Substances are secreted onto a surface/exterior

Explain endocrine secretion

If a gland's ducts lose contact with epithelium, they will secrete internally=ENDOCRINE GLANDS. Substances are secreted directly into the blood

What do endocrine glands always secrete? 1) Urea 2) Hormones 3) Sweat 4) Waste

2) Hormones

IS connective tissue vascular or avascular

highly vascular

Name 3 functions of connective tissue

1) Supports and strengthens our other tissues 2) protects and insulates organs 3) Blood is a transport system

What are 2 differences between connective and epithelalial tissue

1) Epithelial is avascular, connection is vascular 2) The epithelial cells are tightly packed leaving little room for extracellular material (contrast to connective tissue)

What does the extracellular matrix consist of?

Protein fibers and ground substance

Name two examples of structures of the extracellular matrix and their qualities?

Ex1) Cartilage: extracellular matrix is firm but pliable | Ex2) bone: extracellular matrix is hard and inflexible

What are the two categories of connective tissue?

Loose or dense

What forms can the ground substance be in?

fluid, semifluid,gelatinous, calcified

What are the two main types of cells associated to conenctve tissue?

Fibroblasts and macrophages

Explain fibroblasts

* Large, flat cells with branching processes | * Form the fiber for strength and structure

Explain macrophages and the two types

function: move through the matrix and engulf waste products and dead cells can be fixed or wandering

Name the 3 types of fibers in connective tissue

1) Collagenous 2) Elastic 3) reticular

what is the fucntion of collagenous fibers?

Support

What is the function of elastic fibers and what are they made of

Made of elastin can be stretched function in stregnth and stability

Name some of the functions of reticular fibers?

form the basement membrane provide support in blood vessel walls form framework of organs/glands to which epithelial cells attach

True or false: Reticular fibers do not form the basement membrane?

False

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?

Areolar Adipose reticular

What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue?

Dense regular CT Dense Irregular CT Elastic CT

What is the main difference between dense and loose connective tissue

Dense has MUCH MORE collagen

How can you distinguish dense regular ct

Collegen and fibroblasts arranged in regular/linear fasion

What does dense regular ct form?

tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments

What is an aponeurose and what does it link ?

Links to a muscle but does not attach to a bone (blends with fascia) broad, flat tendon

What does a tendon link

Bone and muscle

What does a ligament link

Bone and Bone

What is the main fucntion of dense regular CT

Provides strong attachment between structures

How can you distinguish dense irregular Ct

Looks interwoved and irregularly arranged

Where is dense irregular ct lfound

Found in periosteum (bone) and perichondrium (cartilage)

True or false: Dense Irregular CT forms the fascia?

True

What is the fucntion of elastic CT

Allows stretching of various organs | Elasticity – allows tissue to stretch and recoil to its original shape after being stretched

Is cartilage Vascular or Avascular

Avascular

Where does cartilage receive its nurtients

Capilary networks from the perichondrium and synovial fluid in a joint

What are the 3 types of cartilage

1) Hyaline 2) Fibrocartilage 3) Elastic

True or false: Cartiglage (hyaline) is the precursor to bone?

True

Where can you find Hyaline Cartilage?

End of long bones, anterior ribs, nose, trachea, larynx

What is the MAIN purpose of fibrocartilage

COMPRESSION/SHOCK ABSORPTION

Where can you find fibrocartilage

IN areas that support body weight (vertabrae, menisci of knee)

Which is the only type of cartilage that lacks a perichondrum?

fibrocartilage

What is the main purpose of elastic cartialge

Allows movement

Where can you find elastic cartilage?

ear, larynx, eustachian tube

What are the 4 main classifications of bones and explain them

LONG: longer than wide (humerous, ulna, clavicle, metacarples) • SHORT: More cubic shape (carpals) • FLAT: scapula, sternum • IRREGULAR: does not fall into other categories (pelvic, vertebrae)

Name some functions of the bone

Support Protection Acts as a lever (with muscles) for movement • Storage/Release area for minerals Blood cell formation (RBCs) Triglyceride storage (Yellow bone marrow)

What are the two types of ossification and explain

Endochondral: Bones forms from replacement of hyaline cartilage (long bones) Intramembranous: forms directly in the matrix (right away)(flat bones and skull)

What is the shape of collagenous fibers, the colour, whtat is it made of and what is the function

Shape: Parallel bundles "steel cable" Supportive function COLLAGEN white

What is the shape of elastic fibers and colour, what is it made of and the function

Shape: Long cylindrical ribbon structure function: elasticity, stretch and support Yellow Made of elastin, strengthed by surrounding fibrilin

What is the shape, colour, function of reticular fibers

Arranged in fine bundles like cobwebs neutral provide support in walls of vessels, helps form the basement membrane, framework of organs and glands to which epithelial attaches to

What is cartilage made up of?

A mixture of collagenous and elestic fibers in a gel like gorund substance

What are the 3 elements that make up the skeletal system?

Bones Cartilage Joitns