Lecture 6

Question 1

Galvanic skin response

Answer 1

Sweat on skin makes a temporary better conductor of electricity.
Sweat glands are triggered by emotional rousal and have predominantly involves the sympathetic system
- apply small electric current applied to pair of electrodes
this moisture creates difference in balance of positive and negative ions and electrical current flows more easily, which we can then measure with skin conductance

Question 2

Social approach

Answer 2

The social approach refers to a perspective in psychology that emphasizes the influence of social and cultural factors on human behavior, thoughts, and emotions. This approach emphasizes the importance of studying the social context in which individuals live, including their relationships with others, cultural norms and values, and social institutions.

Researchers using the social approach may investigate a wide range of topics, such as the impact of social norms on behavior, the role of culture in shaping attitudes and beliefs, and the influence of social factors on mental health and well-being.

Overall, the social approach recognizes the significant impact of social and cultural factors on individual behavior and mental processes, and emphasizes the need to understand and study these factors in order to fully understand human psychology.

Question 3

Claire Armon Jones: purpose of emotions

Answer 3

says that purpose of emotions is to reinforce society;s norms and values, for example emotion rules that american often follow

Question 4

Averill identified the follopwing rules for anger

Answer 4

anger should be to correct the situation, restore equity, and or prevent recurence, not inflict injury or pain on the target to achieve selfish ends through intimidation

Question 5

James Averill’s criticism on huidige theorieen van emotions

Answer 5

• social function of emotions is underestimated in other theories
• universality is overestimated (cultural differences)
• emotions are not biologically driven

Question 6

Averill’s social construct theory. Give the three components

Answer 6

• Emotions are social constructions that give shape and meaning to our social world
• emotions are learned behaviors that can be acquired if people are exposed to them within a partical culture
• Emotions have an important social role, they exist to inform and oinfluence each other

Question 7

empathy

Answer 7

capacity to perceive, share and understand each others affective states

(sympathy, emotional contagion, prsonal diostrress and cognitive perspective taking)

Question 8

affective empathy

Answer 8

taking over other people emotions (automati)

Question 9

cognitive empathy

Answer 9

appraisal of the other’s situation and attempts to understand the cause of others emotions (not so automatic)

Question 10

how do you know a smile is fake?

Answer 10

real emotions occur automatically (control eye regions). so you gotta look at the eye. Great tip!

Question 11

orbicularis oculi

Answer 11

muscles around the eye so that you could know a smile is fake or not

Question 12

Emptahy has two faces

Answer 12

• the person showing empathy9accepted, understood, acknowledged)
• the person receiving empathy

Question 13

Purpose of empathy..?

Answer 13

Adaptive role: mother-child bonding, parental care of offspring
epistemological role: to make faster and more accurate predictions of other people’s needs and actions and discover salient aspects of our environment
social role: reciprocal altruism, social communication, cooperation and moral reasoning

Question 14

How did they test empathy in monkeys?

Answer 14

Monkeys got food when thy pulled a chain, but food was accompanied with shock for other monkey, so monkeys were less likely to pull the chain

Question 15

imitative mirroring or mimicry

Answer 15

action replication - similarity between the observed and the reanactive moment.
It is a widespread phenomenon in the behavior of many animal species stands as primitive form of imitation

even infants of 42 min olds are able to replicate some gestures when seeing adults performing them

Question 16

how old should children be to re-enact intended actions

Answer 16

18 months

Question 17

at what age do children know when they are being imitated by others?

Answer 17

14 months

Question 18

What do findings about imitation and mimicry suggest?

Answer 18

that imitation may be innate, and that imitation may provide the mechanism by which thery of mind and empathy develops in humans (ie imitation creates self other linkage)

Question 19

action units (face)

Answer 19

upper lip raiser for example, lip suck, outer brow raiser

Question 20

Kret (2015) about emotional processing

Answer 20

Kret’s (2015) model of emotion processing during social interaction can be explained using two people, person A and person B, and how they perceive, appraise, and respond to each other’s emotional cues.

Perception: Person A and person B initially perceive emotional cues from each other, such as facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language. This involves bottom-up processing, where sensory input from the environment is processed by the brain.

Appraisal: Person A and person B then appraise the emotional cues in relation to the social context, taking into account their past experiences, beliefs, and goals. This involves top-down processing, where prior knowledge and expectations influence the interpretation of the emotional cues.

Generation of an emotional response: Based on their appraisal, person A and person B generate an appropriate emotional response, which may include feelings of happiness, sadness, anger, fear, or disgust, among others. This emotional response is associated with physiological arousal, such as changes in heart rate and skin conductance.

Expression: Finally, person A and person B may express their emotional response through their own facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language, which can then be perceived and appraised by the other person, creating a continuous feedback loop.

Overall, Kret’s model highlights the dynamic and interactive nature of emotion processing during social interaction, where emotions are not just individual experiences, but also shaped by the social context and the emotions of others.

Question 21

Facial reddening

Answer 21

• Research show that facial redness is sexually dimorphic (men are slightly redder than women) and is strongly androgen-dependent in men
• moreover, increased skin blood perfusion is related to health and is enhanced by physical traning and reduced in different patient groups

Question 22

What was the conclusion out of a study with facial reddening?

Answer 22

• women in this study made the skin tone redder and even added more red when asked to make the men look more dominant
• however, it was also observed that the woman associated red faces with agression

Question 23

What is known about socially anxious people and blushing?

Answer 23

They regard it as the cause of their social difficulties, rather than as a symptom of them

Question 24

prisoners dilemma, after the defection, a picture of the opponent was shown, displaying a blushing (reddened) or a non-blushing face. what happened in the subsequent trust game?

Answer 24

participants invested more money in the blushing opponent. in addition, participants indicated that they trusted the blushing opponent more, that they expected a lower probability of future defeat, and judge the blushing opponent in general more positively

Question 25

two main functions of crying

Answer 25

• tension relief and promoting the recovery of psychological and physiological homeostasis
• communication

Question 26

3 things about crying

Answer 26

• may elicit positive or negative reactions
• observed crying female confederates were more sympathized with than non-crying confederates
• crying is contagious: babies cry when other babies cry

Question 27

What did Hess found about pupil size and the preference for people?

Answer 27

participants liked woman with the large pupils better, describing her as more feminine, prettier, and softer than the women with small pupils

Question 28

what id Kret (2015) found about the perception of another’s pupil dilation?

Answer 28

found that participants not only synchronized their pupil size with the pupil size of their virtual partner, but that this also helped them to trust that partner

Question 29

4 conclusions of empathetic imitation of actions:

Answer 29

• empathic responses are amplified by similarity, familiraity, social closeness, and positive experience with the other
• the more we like a person, the more we imitate his/her actions
• high empathy participants produced grater mimicry than the low-empathy participanta

Question 30

Defense Cascade

Answer 30

beschrijft de defensieve respons aan de hand van de DISTANCE van een bedreiging.
Wanneer een bedreiging detecteerd wordt als meer distal (verder weg), dan is dit geassocieerd met
een waakzame ‘freezing response’, waarbij het parasympatische systeem leidt tot een hartslagafname. Deze afname in hartslag wordt ook wel fear bradycardia genoemd. Wanneer een bedreiging
meer proximal (nabij) is, dan zorgt sympathische activatie ervoor dat de hartslag toeneemt (de fight
of flight response).

Question 31

fear bradycardia

Answer 31

Wanneer een bedreiging detecteerd wordt als meer distal (verder weg), dan is dit geassocieerd met
een waakzame ‘freezing response’, waarbij het parasympatische systeem leidt tot een hartslagafname.