Lecture 1 Flashcards
Three key aspects of emotions
Phenomenal experience, physiological pattern, verbal + non verbal expression
Emotion schema
Phenomenal –> Physiological –> expression
6 basic emotional expressions
fear, anger, disgust, joy, sadness and surprise
Paul Ekman study about emotions, ar euniversal
Across cultures. Individuals recognized them. 6 basic emotions. Even tho he had a different hypothesis before!
Russell’s critics on the vailidty of Ekman’s study
- Lage ecologische validiteit
- low overlap etween phenomenal experience and facial pattern
- arbitrary categorization
- dimensions are better
–> participants categorizes caucasian faces
Elfenbein & Ambady: emotions are universal to a limited degree
The ingroup advantage (in staat zijn om gezichtsuitdrukkingen van je eigen ingroup beter te herkennen) is moderated by cross cultural exposure suggesting that contact can help to erase these differences and can lead to greater understanding
What was the difference between japanese and american people when they watched a stressful film alone or with someone else?
- Japanese hide their negative emotions
- Emotions are flexible and they may not necessarily reflect the true feelings (difference between signals and cues)
- Japanese are more likely to display surprise than Americans
- Positive emotions are important for americans: the more positive and the less negative, the better
- in japan the amount of negative and positive emotions was correlated
- In japan, some positive emotions are felt more and considered more important, these are socially engaging emotions, friendly feeling, not pride!
What was the conclusion from the study with the two pictures where one man was looking friendly, one unfriendly and with people in the back? (Japan vs america)
- Japan made more statements about contextual information and relationships than Americans. Americans tend to ignore contexctual information when making judgments. The surrounding people’s emotions influenced Japanese but not American perceptions of the central person.
Why emotions? Darwinian mbt adaptieve functies
- Principle of serviceable associated habits
(purpose during evolution, nu niet meer zo) - Principle of antithesis
Most emotions have a counterpart - Principle of expressive habits through the nervous system
Distinct reaction by the brain
Principle of antithesis
certain states of the mind lead to certain habitual movements which were primarily or may still be, of service, and i shall find that when a directly opposite state of mind is induced, there is a strong and involuntary tendency to the performance of movements of a directly opposite nature, though these have never been of any service.”
Or
when a directly opposite state of mind is induced, there is a strong and involuntary tendency to the performance of movements of a directly opposite nature, though these are of no use’
Emotional Stroop Task
Emotional words. Subjects with depression RT > Negative words. (measuring emotions)
William James en Langeview of emotion schema
Physiological –> phenomenal experience
Response before emotional experience.
Epxression go anywhere
Lange’s idea, explain the 5 points
- He had similar ideas of james
- both theories define emotion as a feeling of physiological changes due to a stimulus
- they focused on different aspects of emotion (james focused on the conscious experience of emotion, where as Lange made James’s theory testable and applicable to real life examples)
- Both agreed that if physiological sensations could be removed, there would b e no emotional experience
- Physiologival arousal causes emotion, otherwise NO EMOTION IS EXPERIENCED
Face provides feedback to the brain.. how?
Activity in face –> Experienced Emotion –> Emotion Recognition
Testing James-Lange theory: 3 components
- Change in body alters your emotions: lachen zorgt daadwerkelijk voor je jezelf beter voelen
- Cognitive inhibition of your body weakens emotions: mensen die pijn moesten verbergen, rapporteerde minder pijn dan mensen die moesten aangeven hoeveel pijn het doet
- substance-induced bodily changes alter emotions and related neural acitivty: mensen met botox kunnen minder goed expressie tonen
