Lecture 1 Flashcards
Three key aspects of emotions
Phenomenal experience, physiological pattern, verbal + non verbal expression
Emotion schema
Phenomenal –> Physiological –> expression
6 basic emotional expressions
fear, anger, disgust, joy, sadness and surprise
Paul Ekman study about emotions, ar euniversal
Across cultures. Individuals recognized them. 6 basic emotions. Even tho he had a different hypothesis before!
Russell’s critics on the vailidty of Ekman’s study
- Lage ecologische validiteit
- low overlap etween phenomenal experience and facial pattern
- arbitrary categorization
- dimensions are better
–> participants categorizes caucasian faces
Elfenbein & Ambady: emotions are universal to a limited degree
The ingroup advantage (in staat zijn om gezichtsuitdrukkingen van je eigen ingroup beter te herkennen) is moderated by cross cultural exposure suggesting that contact can help to erase these differences and can lead to greater understanding
What was the difference between japanese and american people when they watched a stressful film alone or with someone else?
- Japanese hide their negative emotions
- Emotions are flexible and they may not necessarily reflect the true feelings (difference between signals and cues)
- Japanese are more likely to display surprise than Americans
- Positive emotions are important for americans: the more positive and the less negative, the better
- in japan the amount of negative and positive emotions was correlated
- In japan, some positive emotions are felt more and considered more important, these are socially engaging emotions, friendly feeling, not pride!
What was the conclusion from the study with the two pictures where one man was looking friendly, one unfriendly and with people in the back? (Japan vs america)
- Japan made more statements about contextual information and relationships than Americans. Americans tend to ignore contexctual information when making judgments. The surrounding people’s emotions influenced Japanese but not American perceptions of the central person.
Why emotions? Darwinian mbt adaptieve functies
- Principle of serviceable associated habits
(purpose during evolution, nu niet meer zo) - Principle of antithesis
Most emotions have a counterpart - Principle of expressive habits through the nervous system
Distinct reaction by the brain
Principle of antithesis
certain states of the mind lead to certain habitual movements which were primarily or may still be, of service, and i shall find that when a directly opposite state of mind is induced, there is a strong and involuntary tendency to the performance of movements of a directly opposite nature, though these have never been of any service.”
Or
when a directly opposite state of mind is induced, there is a strong and involuntary tendency to the performance of movements of a directly opposite nature, though these are of no use’
Emotional Stroop Task
Emotional words. Subjects with depression RT > Negative words. (measuring emotions)
William James en Langeview of emotion schema
Physiological –> phenomenal experience
Response before emotional experience.
Epxression go anywhere
Lange’s idea, explain the 5 points
- He had similar ideas of james
- both theories define emotion as a feeling of physiological changes due to a stimulus
- they focused on different aspects of emotion (james focused on the conscious experience of emotion, where as Lange made James’s theory testable and applicable to real life examples)
- Both agreed that if physiological sensations could be removed, there would b e no emotional experience
- Physiologival arousal causes emotion, otherwise NO EMOTION IS EXPERIENCED
Face provides feedback to the brain.. how?
Activity in face –> Experienced Emotion –> Emotion Recognition
Testing James-Lange theory: 3 components
- Change in body alters your emotions: lachen zorgt daadwerkelijk voor je jezelf beter voelen
- Cognitive inhibition of your body weakens emotions: mensen die pijn moesten verbergen, rapporteerde minder pijn dan mensen die moesten aangeven hoeveel pijn het doet
- substance-induced bodily changes alter emotions and related neural acitivty: mensen met botox kunnen minder goed expressie tonen
What was remarkable about a study that tested the James Lange theory where two groups got an electrical shock and one was asked toe xpress theirselves and the other to conceal?
The one that was asked to express, had a strong skin conductance and subjective pain, where the second group was asked to conceal and had a weaker skin conductance and less pain.
Amygdala
This area is activited following biologically relevant and salient stimuli (emotions fall in that category, seeing someone from another race also activated this are. and there are marked individual differences (phobias for example).
Cannon’s criticism on the James-Lange Theory: 4 components
- Visceral changes too slow to be a source of emotion
- separating body from cns does not alter emotional behavior in animals
- artificial induction of visceral changes typical for emotions do not produce them (adrenalin)
- rrelation bodily states - emotional states not 1:1
Visceral changes too slow to be a source of emotion (Cannon). Does it make sense?
Cannon thought the experience of the emotion and physiological things was parallel. –> it really depends on what you’re meausring mate. so definitely false. Some things work amazingly fast in our body. Skin conductance happens really fast, and during fearful situations, the amygdala responds even faster than the visual cortex.. So false!
separating body from cns does not alter emotional behavior in animals (Cannon). does it make sense?
they seperated the brain stem from the cortex of a cat, and it still expressed emotions. but this isn’t proof that this statement is true. no, it just confirmed the theory of james lange, because the cat still had an emotion, but we don’t know if it experienced it. But it still had the physiological things
relation bodily states - emotional states not 1:1 (Cannon)
They did a study where participants had to watch a video of a man displaying emotional expressions, produce samen emotion as the observed face, and then the heart rate and temperature change got measured.
the automatic responses differed. So yes, this is true.
artificial induction of visceral changes typical for emotions do not produce them (adrenalin) is this a true statement?
Not true. think about the study where adrenaline is injected. It depends on the context how the person reacts.
Cognitive-evaluation Theory of Emotion
- Events elicit emotional arousal (undifferentiated, unexplained)
- arousal interpreted by actor
- shaped by current situational context
Precisely the same state of physiological arousal can be labeled “joy” or “fury” or “jealousy” orn any other emotion label, depending on the cognitive aspects of the situation
Cannon-Brand theory
Expression and physiological expression of emotions happens at the same time, not what James-Lange said.