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PSYC 315 Personality > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what are some of the “neo-Freudians” of the neo-analytic movement

A
  • Carl Jung
  • Anna Freud (youngest daughter; psychoanalysis in children)
  • Alfred Adler
  • Heinz Kohut
  • Erik Erikson
  • Karen Horney et al.

–> modern contextualizations of Freud’s work

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2
Q

what was a discipline born out of Freudian psychology

A
  • ego psychology –> focused on the development of the ego within reality
  • emphasized the role of identity, which is experienced by a person as a sense of self
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2
Q

what was a discipline born out of Freudian psychology

A
  • ego psychology –> focused on the development of the ego within reality
  • emphasized the role of identity, which is experienced by a person as a sense of self
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2
Q

what was a discipline born out of Freudian psychology

A
  • ego psychology –> focused on the development of the ego within reality (rather than development of Id)
  • emphasized the role of identity, which is experienced by a person as a sense of self –> how we see yourself
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2
Q

what was a discipline born out of Freudian psychology

A
  • ego psychology –> focused on the development of the ego within reality
  • emphasized the role of identity, which is experienced by a person as a sense of self
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2
Q

what is the modern interpretation of “ego”

A

inflated self-esteem

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3
Q

what is narcissism

A
  • part of ego psychology
  • extreme preoccupation with the self, accompanied by inflated self-admiration, grandiosity, entitlement and attention-seeking
  • bragging/boasting, arrogance, sensitivity to criticism, low empathy, derogation of others, bullying, vanity, exhibitionism
  • higher narcissism = lower empathy
  • unbased superiority –> creates feelings of injustice in others
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4
Q

how do moderate levels of narcissism manifest

A

-self-serving bias
- slightly unrealistically positive self-image
- some drive to feel special
- some suggest this is psychologically healthy –> protective buffer, standing up for self, promoting yourself (confidence)

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5
Q

how do low levels of narcissism manifest

A
  • very modest
  • self effacing
  • extremely high modest has negative implications for psychological wellbeing (too held back)
  • different from high honesty/humility
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6
Q

how does narcissism evolve over time

A
  • egocentrism in infancy
  • declines over time for most (not narcissists)

note: can be egocentric but not narcissistic

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7
Q

describe how narcissism is a trait

A
  • people lie on a scale of low to high narcissism
  • some suggest moderate levels is healthy psychologically
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8
Q

what is narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)

A
  • pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
  • accompanied by functional impairments (causing problem in area of life, causing significant distress)
  • pathological

note: lack of empathy is crucial in differentiating narcissism from NPD

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9
Q

what is malignant narcissism

A
  • narcissistic AND antisocial –> not a formal diagnosis, but starts to merge into psychopathy (narcissism is so high, the person is willing to hurt others to get what they want and maintain their image)
  • all fascists/dictators and cult leaders are malignant narcissists
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10
Q

why is it hard to determine functional impairment in narcissistic personality disorder

A
  • the person believes everything is great
  • resistant to reporting impairments or struggle
  • greater reliance on objective indicators (how often do you lose relationships) and family/friend reports
  • might be aware of losing friendships, but might not understand the extent of it
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11
Q

what evidence is there that Trump is a narcissist

A
  • inflated self-admiration
  • expressive focus on self
  • bragging, attention seeking
  • superiority, entitlement
  • sensitivity to criticism
  • degrading, attacking others
  • insisted hurricane Dorian would hit Alabama even though weather agencies said there was no threat (would not admit mistake)
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12
Q

what are five facts that contemporary research shows about narcissism

A
  • may use more first-person singular pronouns (“I” talk) –> up for debate
  • look in the mirror more, watch recordings of themselves more often
  • interrupt others more often during conversation
  • become distressed and aggressive when insulted (focus on failure, weakness or insecurity)
  • make good first impressions
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13
Q

how is narcissism different from self-confidence

A

people who are confident do not need to get compliments from other people, don’t get insulted by others as easily –> narcissists get very insulted when their insecurities are targetted

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14
Q

why do Narcissists make good first impressions

A

might at first just think they have high confidence and self-esteem –> we are generally drawn to people like this, and are physically attracted to these people

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15
Q

what is some evidence from Trump’s behaviour that suggests narcissism

A
  • interrupted Clinton more times than she interrupted him
  • when comparing Trump to all other candidates on average, Trump used a higher rate of personal pronouns (suggests grandiosity)
  • scored higher on narcissism compared to other republican candidates (when looking at derogation and boasting in his speeches)
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16
Q

what is boasting associated with

A
  • more votes –> more boasting makes a good first impression
  • more derogation was not correlated with this
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17
Q

describe some contemporary research on narcissism and social media

A
  • use social media more
  • post more in general, more about accomplishments, and more selfies
  • receive more likes on their posts
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18
Q

describe some contemporary research on narcissism and social media

A
  • divide people to gain power over them
  • make threats and lies to influence people’s emotions and behaviours
  • distort reality by arguing fiction is fact
  • engage in gaslighting (make people doubt what is real)
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19
Q

what is an inferiority complex

A
  • lack of self-worth, resulting from early development (e.g. some parenting practices increase narcissism in children like lack of attention or warmth)
  • low self-esteem
  • overcompensate through “striving for superiority” –> making others unhappy
  • foundation for narcissism
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20
Q

what is the narcissistic paradox

A
  • although narcissists appear to have high self-esteem, they have doubts over their self-worth
  • thus, narcissism is a complex defence mechanism
  • narcissism is not self-love, it is self-loathing in disguise
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21
Q

what explains the narcissistic paradox

A
  • narcissists have extremely positive but simultaneously fragile self-views
  • built in inherent vulnerability
  • it is a self that cannot stand on its own, as it is not grounded in an objective reality
  • needs constant shoring up and reinforcement
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22
Q

how do you measure implicit vs explicit self esteem

A
  • implicit is unconscious and deeper thus can’t be asked directly –> look at how people associate positive/negative words with the letter of their names, look at the size of signatures
  • low implicit self-esteem in narcissists, though high explicit self-esteem
  • most people actually have higher implicit than explicit self-esteem (self-serving bias that can be beneficial)
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23
Q

what are the two types of narcissism

A

grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism

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24
Q

grandiose narcissism

A
  • high self-esteem, social dominance, exhibitionism, overestimation of abilities
  • fantasies about superiority, perfection and/or omnipotence
  • “overt” –> most commonly thought of
  • might also have high implicit self-esteem (definitely high explicit)
  • might be closer to psychopathy than vulnerable narcissism
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25
Q

what big 5 trait is grandiose narcissism associated with

A

high extraversion, low agreeableness (also aggressiveness)

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26
Q

vulnerable narcissism

A
  • anxiety, defensiveness, avoidance, insecurity, hypersensitivity and vulnerability, vigilance for criticism
  • “covert”
  • worry about appearing as a failure to others
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27
Q

what big 5 traits is vulnerable narcissism associated with

A

high neuroticism, low extraversion, low agreeableness

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28
Q

what are involved in both types of narcissism

A
  • self-centredness
  • self-indulgence
  • entitlement
  • disregard for others
  • interpersonal antagonism
  • note: these types might converge at a certain level
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29
Q

what type of narcissism characterizes Donald Trump

A
  • grandiose narcissism – high self-esteem, social dominance, fantasies about superiority, perfection etc.
  • vulnerable narcissism – vigilance for criticism, defensiveness

–> but sensitivity to criticism is still indicative of grandiose (respond with anger rather than anxiety/depression)

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30
Q

describe Miller’s three-factor structure of narcissism

A
  • agentic extraversion
  • antagonism
  • neuroticism
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31
Q

describe Krizan & Herlache’s definition of narcissism

A

entitled self-importance

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32
Q

what are the three parts of the narcissism spectrum model

A
  • self importance (entitlement)
  • grandiosity (exhibitionism)
  • vulnerability (defensiveness)
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33
Q

what do Kowalchyk et al argue about narcissism

A

genuine narcissism involves deep insecurities and is more similar to vulnerable narcissism, while grandiose narcissism is more similar to psychopathy

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34
Q

what four successes are associated with narcissism

A
  • show business
  • leadership
  • job interviews
  • initial interactions

BUT they lose popularity over time

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35
Q

describe Erik Erikson’s theory on psychosocial development

A
  • focused on ego development over life
  • identified common/necessary tensions inherent to each stage of development
  • goal: struggle with tensions and grow
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36
Q

What are the 8 stages of psychosocial development (Erikson’s theory)

A
  • infancy (0-2) –> trust/mistrust
  • toddlerhood (2-3) –> autonomy vs shame/doubt
  • young children (3-4) –> initiative (purpose) vs guilt
  • elementary school (4-12) –> industry vs inferiority
  • adolescence (13-19) –> identity vs role confusion
  • young adulthood (20-39) –> intimacy vs isolation
  • adulthood (40-64) –> generativity vs stagnation
  • old age (65+) –> integrity vs despair
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37
Q

describe Erikson’s infancy stage

A
  • trust vs mistrust
  • negative outcomes: dependent or paranoid
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38
Q

describe Erikson’s toddlerhood stage

A
  • autonomy vs shame/doubt
  • negative outcomes: obsessive/impulsive or avoidant
39
Q

describe Erikson’s young childhood stage

A
  • initiative (purpose) vs guilt
  • negative outcomes: antisocial/narcissistic or constricted
40
Q

object relations theory

A
  • formed basis for attachment theory
  • examines the process of developing one’s psyche in relation to others in the environment
  • internalized representations of parents (unconscious) become basis for relating to others in life
  • first social attachments form prototypes (schemas) for future relationships
41
Q

attachment theory (John Bowlby)

A
  • infants must develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for successful development
  • main factors in parenting are sensitivity and responsiveness
42
Q

what are the four childhood attachment styles

A
  • secure –> well-adjusted, trusting (caregivers responsive to needs)
  • anxious-ambivalent –> anxious, clingy (caregivers inconsistent)
  • avoidant –> uninterested, emotionally distant (caregivers neglectful)
  • disorganized –> erratic (caregivers depressed, traumatized or abusive)
43
Q

what attachment style is associated with narcissism

A

avoidant attachment (grandiose), maybe anxious-ambivalent (vulnerable) –> Trump’s attachment was probably one of these (more evidence for avoidant)

44
Q

what are the four adult attachment styles

A
  • secure style –> comfortable with intimacy, autonomous & dependent
  • preoccupied (ambivalent) style –> crave intimacy, worried about partners
  • dismissive-avoidant style –> minimizes closeness, intimacy = loss of independence
  • fearful-avoidant style –> want relationship but difficulty trusting others

note: not always related with childhood attachment styles

45
Q

what kind of attachment style does Trump have (using evidence with his wife and son)

A
  • dismissive-avoidant –> minimizes closeness, wants independence
  • leaves wife after getting out of car, said “she has a son” rather than referring to him as his son
46
Q

what three parenting styles are associated with high narcissism

A
  • neglectful –> lack of empathy and warmth
  • authoritarian –> insists on perfection, winning and toughness
  • permissive/indulgent –> can promote entitled attitudes
47
Q

what did Horney argue about entitlement and narcissism

A
  • narcissism involves low self-esteem
  • suggested that indulgence (via over-permissive parents) in childhood leads to excessive self-idealization
48
Q

describe Brummelman’s study on childhood narcissism

A
  • looked at children and parental behaviours
  • children answered questions about narcissism and self-esteem
  • parents answered questions about parental overvaluation and parental warmth
  • support for social learning theory –> narcissism was predicted by parental overvaluation, not by lack of warmth
49
Q

what evidence is there that narcissism is rising among young people (i.e. a narcissism epidemic)

A
  • 30% increase in those scoring above the mean on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
  • 48% drop in empathic concern, 34% drop in perspective taking
  • rising individualism
  • association between rising social inequality in the US and rising narcissism
50
Q

what is suggested by motivational psychology

A
  • what drives people to do the things they do
  • personality is seen as consisting of a few general motives or drives
51
Q

what is a need

A
  • a state of tension within a person
  • as a need is satisfied, the related tension is reduced
  • produces a motive
52
Q

what is a motive

A
  • internal state that arouses and directs behaviour toward a specific object or goal
  • caused by a deficit or lack of something
  • based on a need
53
Q

what is a press

A

a need-relevant aspect of the environment

54
Q

describe Henry Murray’s Theory of Needs

A
  • primary needs: based on biological demands, such as the need for oxygen, food, and water
  • secondary (‘psychogenic’) needs: not always necessary for survival, but essential for psychological wellbeing
55
Q

what are primary needs (Murray’s theory of needs)

A

based on biological demands, such as the need for oxygen, food, and water

56
Q

what are secondary (‘psychogenic’) needs (Murray’s theory of needs)

A
  • not always necessary for survival, but essential for psychological wellbeing
  • ambition needs, needs to defend status (dominance), needs related to social power, social affection needs
57
Q

what are the big three motives

A
  • need for achievement (growth, success, competence)
  • need for power (having impact on others)
  • need for intimacy (warmth, closeness, communication)

–> think of agency (power) vs communion (intimacy) –> achievement is often driven by both

58
Q

describe humanistic psychology

A
  • emphasis is on the conscious awareness of needs, choices, and personal responsibility
  • motive to self-actualize
  • focus on growth instead of deficiency –> human nature is positive
  • human need for growth and realizing one’s full potential
59
Q

describe Maslow’s humanistic psychology

A
  • stressed importance of focusing on the positive qualities in people
  • founded hierarchy of needs, self-actualization, peak experiences, and psychology of religious experiences
60
Q

what are the five levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (top to bottom)

A
  • self-actualization needs
  • esteem needs
  • belongingness / love needs
  • safety needs
  • physiological needs
61
Q

what is the theory behind Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  • theory of human motivation, implications for psychological development
  • lower needs must be (mostly) satisfied before higher-order needs can be met
  • motivations from multiple levels can be observed in the same behaviour
62
Q

according to Maslow’s hierarchy, when can needs be skipped

A
  • the need has been met before
  • if one believes it could be met
63
Q

describe self actualization needs (Maslow’s hierarchy)

A

drive towards creativity, realization of full potential, becoming true self

64
Q

describe esteem needs (Maslow’s hierarchy)

A

self-esteem, self-respect, valued & accepted, recognition

65
Q

describe belongingness/love needs (Maslow)

A

sense of belonging, acceptance in social groups

66
Q

describe safety needs (Maslow)

A

personal security, financial security, health, safety against accidents and threats

67
Q

describe physiological needs

A

air, water, food, shelter, clothing

68
Q

describe physiological needs

A

air, water, food, shelter, clothing

69
Q

what are peak experiences (Maslow)

A

highest level –> spiritual, flow

70
Q

what are D-needs (Maslow)

A

“deficit needs” –> needs driven by a deficit –> propelled people to seek out something to resolve deficit

71
Q

what are B-needs (Maslow)

A

“being needs” –> driven by desire to be true self –> not resolving tension or fulfilling deficit, but of being propelled towards something, these things don’t have a point of being “met”

72
Q

what is self actualization (according to Maslow)

A
  • final level of psychological development
  • living life according to one’s true self (becoming more and more what one idiosyncratically is and more towards what someone is capable of becoming)
  • achieved only when all basic and mental needs are fulfilled and full potential dominates the individual
  • growth-motivated (NOT deficiency-motivated, no end is met)
  • people don’t have one pre-destined path –> we figure out person-environment fit as we go (what makes you fulfilled, what are you good at)
73
Q

describe Winnicott’s notion of a false self

A
  • other people’s expectations can become of overriding importance –> overlays and contradicts the original sense of self
  • similarly, Kohut suggested narcissism serves as a defensive armour (artificial)
  • true self is the natural way of being
74
Q

what are some characteristics of self actualizers (15 total)

A
  • efficient perception of reality
  • acceptable of themselves/others
  • spontaneous and natural
  • problem focus/task centering
  • affinity for solitude/autonomy
  • independence from culture and environment
  • continued freshness of appreciation
  • more frequent peak experiences
  • genuine desire to help the human race
  • deep ties with relatively few people
  • democratic values
  • ability to discriminate between means and ends
  • philosophical sense of humour
  • creativity
  • resistance to enculturation
75
Q

how did Maslow identify the characteristics of self actualizers

A
  • looked at highly successful people (e.g. Eleanor Roosevelt, Albert Einstein), and also at an anonymous student population
  • note that his criteria does not really apply to neurodivergent populations, or people with mental/clinical disorders
76
Q

how did Kaufman study characteristics of self-actualizers

A

developed a 30-item self-report measure of 10 characteristics of self-actualizers (as proposed by Maslow)

77
Q

what did Kaufman find about people who report more characteristics of self-actualization

A
  • more motivated by growth, exploration, and love of humanity (rather than fulfillment of deficiencies)
  • reported greater life satisfaction, self-acceptance, positive relations, environmental mastery, personal growth, autonomy, purpose in life and self-transcendent experiences
  • displayed more creativity in many domains of achievement
78
Q

was Maslow optimistic that people would achieve self actualization

A

no (especially not younger populations) – mostly found a normal distribution of self actualization

79
Q

what is the “peak” experience

A
  • transpersonal and ecstatic state
  • feelings of euphoria, harmonization, deep meaning and interconnectedness
  • individuals describe these experiences (and their revelations) as possessing a mystical, spiritual and overtly religious quality
  • similar to “flow”
80
Q

what is flow

A
  • perfect balance/match between you and your environment
  • don’t feel boredom or stress (not feeling overwhelmed or underwhelmed)
  • most likely to occur when you are doing a task you love (e.g. art, watching sunset with headphones, performing, athletics)
  • often experience a loss of time (get completely lost)
81
Q

who was Carl Rogers

A
  • co-founder of humanistic psychology
  • focused on ways to self-actualize
  • people are intrinsically good
  • unconditional positive regard
  • person-centred approach to therapy
  • influenced by early childhood relationships with parents
82
Q

according to Rogers, what characterized a health, ‘actualized’ personality

A
  • self-concept is equal to the ideal self
  • congruence between one’s sense of self and one’s ideal self
83
Q

describe Rogers’ “full functioning” person

A
  • someone who is one their way to self-actualization
  • in touch with their deepest, innermost feelings and desires
  • understands their emotions
  • trusts their instincts and urges
84
Q

what evidence is there that Trump is a self-actualizer

A
  • narcissism and self-actualization are negatively correlated (opposite end of the spectrum)
  • to self-actualize you have to accept yourself and others
85
Q

what is a vital part of healthy psychological functioning

A

living harmoniously with others

86
Q

what evidence is there that Steve Jobs is a self-actualizer

A
  • he was fully functioning towards the end of his life
  • most would say he was not self-actualized
  • sometimes presents as self actualized
87
Q

was Houston self-actualized?

A

in youth probably yes, but was challenges later in life

88
Q

what were some other additional needs that Maslow added to his hierarchy

A
  • aesthetic needs (appreciation of and search for beauty, balance)
  • cognitive needs (knowledge, meaning and self-awareness)
  • these were formally under self-actualization needs (never officially “separate” levels)
89
Q

what was Maslow’s final level to the hierarchy

A
  • self transcendence
  • so self actualized you dedicate yourself to something bigger than yourself
  • the self only actualizes by giving itself to some higher goal or purpose
  • e.g. altruism and spirituality
  • these were placed at the very top of the hierarhcy
90
Q

what is the paradox of self-help books

A

they include themes of spirituality, but according to Maslow true spirituality includes helping others (not just yourself)

91
Q

what did Maslow define as self-transcendence needs

A
  • dedicating oneself to a higher goal
  • helping others to self-actualize
  • self-ego and its needs are transcended
  • own needs put aside
92
Q

describe some people who are described to self-transcend

A
  • Activists (e.g. Sheila Watt-Cloutier, Inuit and environmental activist)
  • Nurses
  • Parenting
93
Q

what is self-transcendence a main part of

A

one of the 3 main aspects of psychological maturity (along with self-directedness and cooperativeness)

94
Q

describe the argument of “agency for the sake of communion”

A
  • typical people (especially in individualistic contexts) use their agency to attain more agency
  • those who dedicate themselves to the betterment of others actualize their self-interest (agency) by promoting the interests of others (communion)
95
Q

what was found in Canadian moral exemplars

A
  • used their agency to further both agency and communion equally
  • we often think that agency and communion are mutually exclusive, but this is not always a duality
96
Q

what are the three main criticisms of Maslow

A
  • difficulty to test empirically (limited/mixed empirical evidence)
  • inconsistent with certain understandings of human nature
    (if purpose of life is creativity and self-fulfillment, how does this help the species survive)
  • hierarchy of needs is not normative (evidence for cultural differences)
97
Q

describe the adapted hierarchy of needs for collectivist cultures

A
  • self-actualization needs at the top
  • safety needs
  • physiological needs
  • belonging needs (bottom, more fundamental, possibly evolutionary because group membership serves benefits)
  • no esteem needs!
98
Q

what does actualization look like in Western society

A
  • even when deficit needs are met (e.g. overcoming hunger, gaining financial security), many people in west suffer from alienation, boredom, apathy, meaningless, and despair
  • does having one’s basic needs met and living without suffering actually stifle growth?
99
Q

what are some needs that modern society has

A
  • materialism has increased among children around the world
  • internet/wifi
  • how easy is it to feel like our needs are satisfied? we are always fed the message that we need more

PSYC 315 Personality (16 decks)

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