Lecture 5a, Information Processing and Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

can be defined as the persistence of information that is stored for future use or processing
- there are 3 “aspects” of memory that differ in their “persistence”

Question 2

Three Memory Systems

Answer 2

1. short-term sensory store (STSS)
2. short-term memory (STM) which includes working memory (WM), the “processing work space”
3. long-term memory (LTM)

Question 3

4 Characteristics of Short-Term Sensory Store (STSS)

Answer 3

1. rapid memory decay (brief storage)
2. accepts all stimulus information (limitless capacity)
3. information coded in the same way it was presented (literal coding)
4. further processing only possible if recall is immediate
   - short term sensory store takes in everything that is happening (literal representation of what i am doing, but i may not process it or do something with it)

Question 4

4 Characteristics of Short-Term Memory (STM)

Answer 4

conscious manipulation of information - important for decisions
1. rapid decay unless rehearsed (still slower decay than STSS)
2. receives information from STSS & LTM (which can help with encoding)
3. limited capacity (7 “chunks” +/- 2)
4. implicated in action planning (ex. remembering location of teammates)

my notes:
- manipulate it some way for rehearsal
- both the other ones acts on STM - the more skilled and experienced we are the better we are at information coming in especially if it has meaning to us
- rearranging of information if order is not important can help to remember

Question 5

Chunking

Answer 5

chunking or grouping of information helps STM and decision making
- experts are able to recognize patterns of play/”groups of information”, so they can recall > 7 pieces of information
- experience helps to quickly encode information into meaningful units
my notes:
- individuals who are skilled will see chunks of information rather than individual pieces
- make decisions really quickly with information if there is familiarity

Question 6

Serial Order Effect

Answer 6

the ‘serial order effect’ is common for STM. earlier and later information is better retained
- the stuff in the middle sort of gets lost

Question 7

3 Characteristics of Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Answer 7

1. most resistant to decay (persistent)
2. develops with practice or rehearsal
3. unlimited capacity

Question 8

What memory systems do Dynamic “open” changing scenes involve in sport?

Answer 8

involve all 3 memory systems (ex. football)

Question 9

4 things that effect LTM/retention

Answer 9

1. degree/amount of original learning
2. motivation
3. type of task (continuous, serial, discrete, ch9)
4. retention interval (consolidation/interference)

my notes:
- motivation (you need to care)
- the longer you learn something for the better you remember it
- continuous skills (biking) are skills that are easier for our LTM as compared to serial and discrete
- sleeping is very helpful with consolidating information

Question 10

What are the 2 types of LT memory?

Answer 10

declarative (explicit) and procedural (implicit)

Question 11

Declarative (explicit)

Answer 11

1. declarative Memory:
   A. information (facts/explicit
   knowledge) that can be
   consciously recalled –
   verbalizable
   B. attention demanding, linked
   to notion of “controlled
   processing”
   ex. terms used to describe positions on a basketball court or what the off-side rule is in soccer, or remembering the placement of fingers to produce a guitar chord

Question 12

Procedural (implicit)

Answer 12

procedural Memory
◦ non-conscious/non-
verbalizable memories of a
motor skill
◦ develops with time and
practice
◦ non-attention demanding,
linked to “automaticity”
ex. tying your shoelaces or riding a bicycle, kicking a ball