Lecture 17a, Augmented Feedback Flashcards
Feedback is information received about performance and there are two main types
- inherent feedback (intrinsic/response-produced sensory)
- augmented feedback (extrinsic/not naturally occurring)
Inherent Feedback (intrinsic/response-produced sensory)
- touch (via cutaneous receptors)
- proprioception (via muscle spindles, GTO’s, some cutaneous afferents, vestibular apparatus)
- vision
- audition
- naturally response produced information - natural consequence of doing the action
Augmented Feedback (extrinsic/not naturally occurring)
- knowledge of results (KR)
- knowledge of performance (KP)
- an extended closed loop model - measurement of outcome (feedback about that outcome) information about the actual movement itself
- one is about goal outcome and one is about how the movement was produced (important for schema theories)
Augmented Feedback: movement-related information provided by extrinsic source
1) adds to a performers’ intrinsic feedback
2) provides information about the movement or movement outcome
3) typically under the control of instructor (therapist/parent)…
- but more increasingly the performer can self-control feedback through a device (eg. fitbit) - heart rate, calories/energy expended etc
can be from coach (verbal), videotape (visual), or biofeedback from the device at internal processes (non-verbal)
- unobservable behaviour can be made observable
4-Key Functions of Augmented Feedback
- INFORMATIONAL ROLE
- serves an information-giving function
feedback provides error information - MOTIVATIONAL ROLE
- provides a reward function (ex. well done, keep going)
- has an indirect role on learning (practice more, more effort) and there is a more direct role that is impacts their considilation processes in retaining more information
behaviourist ideas about strengthening responses - ATTENTION DIRECTING ROLE
- directs attention (to action/internal or action-effects/external)
- external is beneficial for high performers
focusing on action effects, often better for learning - DEPENDENCY ROLE
- creates dependency/reliance on the information
- can have negative consequences when guiding
guidance hypothesis (problems when removed)
Types of Augmented Feedback (typically provided after a movement attempt)
knowledge of results and knowledge of performance
Knowledge of Results (KR): Information about outcome
“your serve was 3 cm from the line” (tennis)
“you hit a 250 yard drive” (golf)
- how successful was the action with respect to the intended environmental-goal?
- aim of this information is to improve the next response (detect), then repeat or change (correct)
much of the empirical research on augmented feedback is based on KR
my notes:
- outcome information - specific to the goal of the task (gives information about success in relation to goal)
- can augment information that may be naturally occurring and it may help to improve detection of an error and then you can change on the next go
Information about goal-success needed for learning. KR critical if intrinsic-feedback lacking
KR = important when learners cannot assess their own errors/performance (through intrinsic feedback)
- lots of lab and research showing the important information-giving role of KR (eg, when vision removed) - get information about how important goal feedback is
- often KR can contain the same information as intrinsic feedback (redundant); not needed, annoying?! - sometimes you already know whether you have landed it or not
coach: “you missed the shot”
music teacher: “that note was flat”
Knowledge of Performance (KP): Information about movement quality/form (kinematics)
“you dropped your shoulder on that serve” (tennis)
“keep your arm pointing at the target on the follow through” (fast pitch softball)
- KP does not typically indicate anything about environmental-goal success (different to KR) - can be hard to separate the two in some cases of diving for example but often the goal is different to how the movement was produced
- concerned with the quality of the movement pattern (how an action was achieved)
- how the movement was product - the quality or process
Bio or neuro-feedback - Electronic measurement & feedback of a biological process
- provides information that cannot be directly perceived
- becoming more popular for athletes at all levels
- can result in better control of the processes
examples: EMG, blood pressure, EEG, heart rate, EDA, respiration (wearable technologies –fitbit ©) - anything about biological processes and neuro is specific to the brain
PROS of KP vs. KR
- often more information, more precise
- helps to zone-in on otherwise unobservable processes (make something unobservable, observable)
CONs of KP vs. KR
- can be too much information (overload) - if you give a lot of information, the person becomes reliant and are not engaging in their own processes of detection (do not look for errors) and correction of that action - have to pay attention to own feedback
- directs attention internally/to the body (rather than external effects)
- may be too prescriptive (tells the performer what needs changing) /discourages problem-solving
◦ not only describing but telling
then what to do in the next
trial can leave to person to by
high dependent on to give
information - want to make learner an active participant in learning process where they are effortfully, cognitively engaging in learning and it becomes like a problem solving process (i did this and how did it turn out / let me process my intrinsic feedback / i need augmented feedback from a coach but can wean myself off it
