lecture 5a Flashcards
Name the large bones that make up the upper fore limbs?
scapula, humerus, radius/ulna
Give the name of the bones that make up the manus
carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
Name the bones that make up the ind limbs
femur (attaches to pelvis) fibula/tibia
name the bones that make up the pes (or foot)
tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
Pelvic girdle: describe the three functions of this structure
1) when walking or standing, serves to transfer weight from limbs to the rest of skeleton and vice versa 2) protect some lower organs 3) serves as attachment of muscles
Pelvic girdle: paired set bones each consists of which three parts?
ilium, ischium, pubis
Does the pelvis attach to the vertebral column? if so which bones are involved? Difference with, if so what is it?
the ilium and sacral vertebrae may attach. Loose in young and fully fuse in adults
What is acetabulum?
the attachment point (socket) for the femur. It is located on the pelvic girdle
fore limbs: Pinniped What are appendages described as?
flippers
Fore limb: pinniped describe the Otariidae’s pectoral flipper? How do they move?
When on land, they use their hind limbs to assist them. they have thick bones of upper arm and thin scapula
hind limb: pinniped describe the phocids pelvic flipper? How do they move?
The drag their hindlimb behind when walking on land. they have shorter strong femur, tibia and fibula. Fibula is fused at the top end with the tibia. Also they have long pes
fore limbs: pinnipeds 1. What are they called? 2. what bones make up this structure? 3. What bones make up the hand? 4. What is another name for the hand?
- pectoral flippers 2. scapula, radius, ulna 3. carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. 4. manus
hind limbs: pinnipeds 1. What are they called? 2. what bones make up this structure? 3. What bones make up the foot? 4. What is another name for the foot?
- pelvic flippers 2. femur, fibula and tibia 3. tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges 4. pes
Appendicular: Cetaceans –> forelimbs 1. What are the these called? 2. what bones make up this structure? 3. what bones make up the hand 4. what is another name for the hand?
- pectoral fins 2. scapula, humerus, radius/ulna 3. carpals, and metacarpals 4. manus
Appendicular: Cetaceans –> hind limbs (caudal fin) Do cetaceans have hind limb appendages? (describe their pelvis been and relationship to spinal column)
lost all bones in their hind limbs “reduced vestigial pelvic bones” is what remains that aren to attached to the vertebral column.
Appendicular: Cetaceans –> caudal fins What is the tail or fluke composed of?
- very thin layer of blubber - a layer of tough ligaments - core of tough and dense fibrous tissue - supported by very small vertebrae that extend almost to the fluke notch but not into fluke
Appendicular: Cetaceans –> caudal fins What is the reason for the composition in the tail or fluke
penetrating the fibrous core is a system of BV that are arranged as heat retaining counter current system
Appendicular: Sirenians –> fore limbs 1. What are the these called? 2. what bones make up this structure? 3. what bones make up the hand 4. what is another name for the hand?
- pectoral flippers 2. scapula, radius/ulna NO humerus 3. carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges 4. manus
Appendicular: Sirenians –> hind limbs do they have pelvic appendages? what do they do hav instead?
NO, and no dorsal fin. They do have reduced vestigial pelvic bones remaining that are NOT attached to the vertebrae column
Appendicular: Sirenians –> caudal fins 1. what is consists of 2. difference between the two subspecies?
- broad rounded fluke 2. dugongs have two flukes
Appendicular: Sea otters –> fore limb 1. Describe the sir of the scapula compared to river otter. 2. are there any differences in the rest of the forelimb?
- scapula is smaller than the river otters 2. rest of the fore limb is composed of similar bones as other marine mammals
Appendicular: Sea otters –> hind limbs 1. describe the unique characteristics of their hind limbs and what this allows for. 2. are there any differences in the rest of the hind limb?
- web of skin between digits –> surface area of the foot doubles when spread –> increase propulsion though the water 2. rest of the hind limb is composed of similar bones as other marine mammals
Appendicular: Polar bears 1. What if anything is unique about their necks? 2. what does this allow them to do?
- long necks 2. strong muscles that attach onto the neck that are well developed and used for attacking and handling out heavy prey out of the water
Appendicular: Polar bears are their skeletal features different form other terrestrial mammal?
no, they have similar skeletal features to other marine/terrestrial mammals (couple hind and fore limb bones) ++ short tail
Appendicular: Polar bears 1. Describe their swimming style 2. what adaptations (if any) have to help
- crawling motion while hind limbs drag behind 2. large strong fore limbs; feet that form flat like plates (easier walking on snow and on land)
What general skeletal changes have cetaceans and sirenians made to adapt to totally living in water and what 2 main skills has that allowed for.
skeletons of cetaceans and sirenians have become adapted totally living i water by losing their HIND limbs and making anatomically changes to compensate for buoyancy control and propulsion
Pinnipeds, sea otters and polar bears have made changes in their skeletons that reflect what 2 main issues?
skeletons reflect their various modes of propulsion through water and the fact they they live at least part of their lives on land.
