Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Marine Physiology > 9: reproduction > Flashcards

9: reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Baculum

- ossified anterior portion of the what structure of the penis?

A
  • ossified anterior portion of the corpus cavernosum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the role, if any, of the retractor penis muscle

A

helps to retract the penis back into the genital slit and stabilize during copulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

vas deferens

A

delivers sperm to prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

give birth where:

Polar bears and pinnipeds

A

land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

testes in cetaceans

Where are they located (contrast odontocetes vs mysticetes locations)

A

testes are located in the abdomen and their position my vary depending on the species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dolphin constantly Developing…

Week 36 : what has happened regarding whiskers ??; skin ??; blubber ??

A

Whiskers on both sides of rostrum
Skin now dolphin color
Insulation blubber layer has started to form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do marine mammals, who’s testes are intra-abdominal (cetaceans, sirenians) accomplish this?

Describe exactly the anatomy and physiology of this.

A

evolved a unique way to thermoregulate the
temperature of their testes

Blood cooled by veins in the dorsal fin and flukes –>
flows directly into a venous plexis located beside an arterial
plexis that supplies the testes–>
heat from arterial blood is transferred to
cooler venous blood –>
now cooler arterial blood keeps temperature of testes below that of body core temperatu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ovaries - what is the function of this organ?

  1. how many exist?
  2. what is the name of the tissue structure that surrounds the ovary itself and describe what that is and its purpose
  3. how are the ovaries held in the abdominal/pelvic cavity and name the structure
A
  1. where eggs mature, released during
    ovulation
  2. always 2 functional ovaries
  3. they are surrounded by ovarian bursa (fold
    forming a peritoneal capsule)
  4. suspended from abdominal or pelvic cavity by
    short mesentery (mesovarium)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • For how long will a dolphin mother nurse its young?

- what is the outcome of dolphin whiskers?

A

Mother may nurse him for up to 2 years

Gradually whiskers fall out from water pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anatomical differences between terrestrial and marine mammal are focused on what 2 main areas related to reproduction?

A
  1. thermoregulation of testes

2. development of fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Uterus type: bicornuate

A

2 horns forming a single body
with no septum & has 1 cervix
Species: cetaceans sireations, sea otters, polar bears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

parenchyma containing semiferous tubules

A

contain sertoli cells that make sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sea otter & Polar bear: - Where are the testes found?

A

the testes are found in the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the mammary glands of cetaceans

A

long flat mammary glands of Cetaceans are found
in connective tissue under the skin along both sides of
the ventromedial line and extend from the umbilicus to
slightly above the anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Feeding – Describe how the young each of the following nurse:
others

A

nurse their young on land or ice and their neonates actively

suckle on the nipples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dolphin constantly Developing…

Week 12 : Due to the maternal blubber layer what must the fetus do to maintain proper body temperature?

A

Due to the maternal blubber layer the fetus must swim in the

womb to maintain proper body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

By how much are the testes of odontocetes larger than average expected for mammals of their size?

A

Odontocetes usually have testes 7 to 25 times larger

than the average expected for mammals their size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The shape and size of ovaries vary among marine mammals:
describe generally the shapes for the following:
Manatee - ??
Sea otters- ??
Odontocetes - ??
Mysticetes - ??
Phocids - ??

A

manatee - flat and broad

sea otters – compressed oval

odontocetes – spherical or ovoid

mysticetes – flat elongated

phocids – ovoid, smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Maturation rates of young cetaceans:
Plankton feeders – ? yrs
Fish feeders – ? yrs
Squid feeders – ? yrs

Contrast Manatee maturity vs Dugongs ?

A

Plankton feeders – 4-8 yrs
Fish feeders – 4-10 yrs
Squid feeders – 4-10 yrs

Manatee maturity 4-8 yrs
Dugongs maturity 6-12 yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Feeding – Describe how the young each of the following nurse:
sea otter

A

young feed while lying on their
mother’s stomach or beside her
as they get older

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How much care required?

cetaceans and sirenians

A

preconscious young

little care or protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

papiniform plexus

A

supply testes with

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cetacean penis: - describe what tissue it is made of and what land species this mimics.
In a large whale how large can the approx length and diameter be?

A

no bone in the penis and it is fibroelastic as found in cows, pigs and antelopes

the penis may reach
2.5 to 3 m long and 25-30 cm in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

give birth where:

Cetaceans, Sirenians Sea otters

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Compare gestation periods between squid-feeders vs plankton/fish-feeding cetaceans
squid –feeders (16 mo) > plankton/fish – feeding species (10-13 mo)
26
Species variation in reproductive organs exists in :
Anatomy; Morphology; Physiology; Cycling of hormones
27
Testes: Compare size between right whale and sperm whale
Right whales > versus Sperm whales
28
epididymus
sperm stored
29
lactation periods: Sirenians = ?? some Cetaceans = ??
2 years in Sirenians, some Cetaceans*
30
Feeding – Describe how the young each of the following nurse: sirenian
young feed on their mother’s nipples with their nostrils slightly out of the water or slightly under the water surface
31
In what species are the largest testes found? What is their relative weight?
Right whales = weighing up to 900 kg combined
32
In certain Otariid species, if the testes are withdrawn into the abdomin (deep inguinal area) what do they do to avoid hyperthermia?
testes are withdrawn into the abdomen these testes may descend into the scrotum
33
Dolphin constantly Developing… | Week 11-12 : what specifically has occurred at this time?
Sexual development has occurred | Penis will become enclosed into the body
34
Uterus type bipartite
``` 2 horns separated by a septum with a common area near the cervix and 1 cervix species: phocids (Note – otariids (‘eared’) have 2 horns , one cervix but whether they are bicornuate or bipartite is ?) ```
35
Life Expectancy in cetaceans Smaller species – ?? yrs Large baleen whales, Sperm whales, killer whale – ?? yrs
14-50 years; 50-100 years
36
uterus type: Simplex
1 uterine body with no horns or components & has 1 cervix species: humans
37
Of the odontocetes which have the longest reproductive interval & what is it?
odontocetes (3- 5 yrs) vs mysticetes (1-3 yrs)
38
What is the difference in reproductive intervals between: otariidae, phocidae and odobenidae
``` Otarrids = provides = 1 year walrus = 2-4 years ```
39
Polar bears: | how many nipples and their location??
have 4 nipples, 2 on each side of the midline | of their abdomen
40
Ovarian bursa
ensures eggs pass into oviduct (where | fertilization occurs); implantation in uterus
41
Dolphin constantly Developing… | Week 24-28 : what specifically is formed at this time? what are eyes doing?
Tail is formed | Eyes opening and closing in womb
42
Cetaceans: how many nipples and their location?? describe what happens during nursing
have 2 nipples one on each side of the midline of the ventral surface during nursing of their young, the nipples protrude and the milk is squeezed out under pressure by the contraction of muscles
43
Sirenians: -where are the testes found? - Describe any distinctions between manatees and dugong - relative to male reproductive organs?
penis is retracted when not engorged testes are found in the abdomen in Dugong there is no prostate
44
Sirenians how many nipples and their location?? describe what happens during nursing
have 1 nipple located under each of their pectoral flippers from which the young suckle upon
45
Uterus: 1. How is it supported with the abdominal cavity? 2. What are the three layers of the uterine wall
1. supported by broad ligaments 2. wall has 3 layers: outside – serous membrane middle – myometrium inner – lining or endometrium
46
contrast the cervix between a Narwhal versus Harbor porpoise
very short in Narwhals | very long in Harbor porpoises
47
When do female forage/feed? Cetaceans, Sirenians, Sea otters & Some Pinnipeds (Walrus)
Females continually forage for food while feeding young
48
Sea Otters how many nipples and their location?? how is it different from other speices of mustelids?
have 2 nipples on their lower abdomen unlike other species of Mustelids which may have 6 or more
49
uterus type: duplex
2 separate horns & has 2 cervix | species: Walrus
50
lactation periods: Give the lactation periods for the following: Hooded seals = ??- Harp seals = ??
4 days in Hooded seals, | 12 days in Harp seals
51
Contrast the location anatomically and shape difference of mamamary glands between: -phocids (‘earless’) versus Otariids (‘eared’)
Phocids (‘earless’) have their mammary glands lying in under their blubber and encased in a connective sheath mammary glands of Otariids (‘eared”) form into a thin layer under the blubber covering most of the ventral body surface
52
Marine mammal milk, when compared to terrestrial mammals: Fat = ? Protein =? lactose = ?
high in fat (40-50%) protein = 7-29% low lactose= 0-5%
53
Otariids/odobenids/ some phocids: how many nipples and their location?? in other phocides does this diffeR? describe what happens during nursing
have 4 nipples Other Phocids: have 2 posterior nipples Pinniped nipples retract below the skin level when not nursing and become erect once nursing occurs
54
describe difference between a manatee versus dugong cervix.
West Indian Manatees = rounded cervix Dugongs have a shield that starts in the uterus, surrounds the cervix and extends into the vagina
55
Why do dolphins have to mate quickly? | What aspect of the mating is critical for successful viable sperm transfer
Dolphins must mate quickly: - predators such as sharks and killer whales - salt water can kill sperm - female vagina locks around the penis to create a water tight seal and keep salt water away from sper
56
When do female forage/feed? Polar bears & Some Pinnipeds (Elephant seals)
Females fast (eat no food) at early stages of feeding young
57
Pinnipeds: 1. Do testes size and function change? 2. Prostate gland weight in a southern elephant seal?
``` 1. there are seasonal changes in testes size and function 2. weighing up to 760 g in the Southern elephant seal has similar physiology in all seals ```
58
Testes: | Compare size as percent of their body weight between Dusky dolphin and human
testes of Dusky dolphins are 8% of their body weight as compared to humans where their testes are only 0.08%
59
Describe what is a reproductive interval
time between babies
60
tunica albigina
connective tissue | covering testes
61
describe the mechanics of the cetacean penis: ie how is it retracted and how does it protrude?
it is the penis that is retracted forming an S like loop but when engorged with blood, this loop allows for protrusion of the penis without actually lengthiening it.
62
List, in anatomical order, the basic structures that make up the female reproductive system
an ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, clitoris and vaginal vestibule Mammary glands --> secondary organs
63
Where is the location of breeding for: | Polar bears some pinnipeds (elephant seals)
breed on land
64
Pinnipeds, Polar bears & sea otters: 1. which of these have posses a penis? 2. what is thought to be the function of this structure? 3. in which species is this baculum largest? in which grouping of animals is this smallest?
1.. all 2. suggested it prevents water damage to sperm esp for those who mate in water 3. largest = Walrus smallest = Otariid (‘eared’) pinnipeds
65
What are considered the secondary organs?
vaginal vestibule
66
Cervix: | what is it; where located; what is its purpose?
highly muscular sphincter (a muscle that forms a ring and contracts onto itself) that separates the uterus from the vagina
67
``` Where is the location of breeding for: some pinnipeds (gray seals) ```
breed in both water and land
68
Their reproductive biology and anatomical morphology refers to what exactly?
(different forms of an individual or species) evolved to accommodate the problems that water poses
69
Describe how sea otters and polar bears differ in reproductive invertales
sea otter = 1 year; | polar bear = 2 -4 years
70
Dolphin constantly Developing… | Week 9 : what anatomy develops at this time in dolphin?
Nostrils merge and | form blowhole
71
What differences are there between: Phocid versus otariid seals regarding the scrotum?
Phocids seals: have no scrotum Otariid seals: possess a scrotum but,in certain Otariid species the testes are withdrawn into the abdomen these testes may descend into the scrotum to avoid hyperthermia (high temperature)
72
Where is the location of breeding for: | Cetaceans, Sirenians Sea otters some pinnipeds (walrus)
In water
73
The shape and size of ovaries vary among marine mammals: describe generally the shapes for the following: Manatee - ?? Sea otters- ?? Odontocetes - ?? Mysticetes - ?? Phocids - ??
manatee - flat and broad sea otters – compressed oval odontocetes – spherical or ovoid mysticetes – flat elongated phocids – ovoid, smooth
74
lactation periods: | Do they vary between species? By how much?
yes range from days to years
75
Types of Uterus
Marine mammals exhibit 3 of the 4 types of | uteri that is possible to find in mammals
76
Dolphin constantly Developing… Week 52 : -what happens at this time? - what is average weight of baby? - how is it born (ie what position) and why? - what is the position of the fins and why?
At birth the dolphin weighs approximately 30 pounds Born caudal fin first so that he does not inhale water during the birth All fins are folded against his body and are soft to prevent injury to mother
77
mediating testes
suport structure for | vessels etc
78
Contrast the tissues surmounting the baculum between otariids and phocids
``` Phocid (‘earless”) baculum –surmounted by thick glandular like structure scrotum – have none testes – external to abdominal muscles, but covered by superficial muscle ``` ``` Otariid (‘eared’) baculum – Covered only by thin layer epithelium scrotum – have yes testes – in some species withdrawn into inguinal position ```
79
The male reproductive system Is ‘internal’ (does not protrude until breeding) to help with _______________________ ?
hydrodynamic efficiency
80
In smaller cetaceans – contrast lactation periods in: Squid-feeders vs fish-feeders
Squid feeders (12-20 mo) > fish feeders (10-12 mo)
81
Feeding – Describe how the young each of the following nurse: cetacean
feed their young underwater
82
testes in cetaceans: what they look like
shiny white testes are usually long and | cylindrical
83
What advantage is it for terrestrial mammals to have: their testicles contained within the scrotum?
Scrotum (containing testicles) in terrestrial mammals helps to lower temperature of the testes.
84
1. Describe gestation time 2. Which species of marine mammal has the shortest gestation period? 3. Of the odontocetes which have the longest gestation period and what is it? 4. Of the pinnipeds which group has the longest and what is it? 5. Among sirenians what are the differences in gestation between manatee and dugongs
2. sea otters (6 months) 3 3. squid feeders 4. walrus =16mths 5. a month difference (13 = manatee; dugongs 14mth)
85
How much care required? | sea otters, polar bears, pinnipeds
lots of parental care
86
mesovarium
attached to dorsal side of a large ligament called | ‘broad ligament’
87
What do marine mammals exclusively fed their newborn young?
use milk
88
*In large cetaceans – contrast the lactation periods in: Squid-feeders vs plankton-feeding
squid – feeders (24 mo) > plankton feeding whales (5-7 mo)
89
Among sirenians what are the differences in reproductive intervals between manatee and dugongs?
manatees 2 -4 years | dugongs 3- 7 years
90
what tends to happen to the testes weight during breeding season? Give the name of a species example.
Weight of the testes increases during breeding season | Eg. Spinner dolphins
91
describe a cetacean cervix
Cetacean cervix is long with a thick wall that extends a lumen (hollow passage) into the vagina (note that the length of this passage varies depending on species)

Marine Physiology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions