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Marine Physiology > 9: reproduction > Flashcards

9: reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Baculum

- ossified anterior portion of the what structure of the penis?

A
  • ossified anterior portion of the corpus cavernosum
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2
Q

describe the role, if any, of the retractor penis muscle

A

helps to retract the penis back into the genital slit and stabilize during copulation

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3
Q

vas deferens

A

delivers sperm to prostate

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4
Q

give birth where:

Polar bears and pinnipeds

A

land

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5
Q

testes in cetaceans

Where are they located (contrast odontocetes vs mysticetes locations)

A

testes are located in the abdomen and their position my vary depending on the species.

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6
Q

Dolphin constantly Developing…

Week 36 : what has happened regarding whiskers ??; skin ??; blubber ??

A

Whiskers on both sides of rostrum
Skin now dolphin color
Insulation blubber layer has started to form

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7
Q

How do marine mammals, who’s testes are intra-abdominal (cetaceans, sirenians) accomplish this?

Describe exactly the anatomy and physiology of this.

A

evolved a unique way to thermoregulate the
temperature of their testes

Blood cooled by veins in the dorsal fin and flukes –>
flows directly into a venous plexis located beside an arterial
plexis that supplies the testes–>
heat from arterial blood is transferred to
cooler venous blood –>
now cooler arterial blood keeps temperature of testes below that of body core temperatu

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8
Q

Ovaries - what is the function of this organ?

  1. how many exist?
  2. what is the name of the tissue structure that surrounds the ovary itself and describe what that is and its purpose
  3. how are the ovaries held in the abdominal/pelvic cavity and name the structure
A
  1. where eggs mature, released during
    ovulation
  2. always 2 functional ovaries
  3. they are surrounded by ovarian bursa (fold
    forming a peritoneal capsule)
  4. suspended from abdominal or pelvic cavity by
    short mesentery (mesovarium)
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9
Q
  • For how long will a dolphin mother nurse its young?

- what is the outcome of dolphin whiskers?

A

Mother may nurse him for up to 2 years

Gradually whiskers fall out from water pressure

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10
Q

Anatomical differences between terrestrial and marine mammal are focused on what 2 main areas related to reproduction?

A
  1. thermoregulation of testes

2. development of fetus

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11
Q

Uterus type: bicornuate

A

2 horns forming a single body
with no septum & has 1 cervix
Species: cetaceans sireations, sea otters, polar bears

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12
Q

parenchyma containing semiferous tubules

A

contain sertoli cells that make sperm

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13
Q

Sea otter & Polar bear: - Where are the testes found?

A

the testes are found in the scrotum

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14
Q

describe the mammary glands of cetaceans

A

long flat mammary glands of Cetaceans are found
in connective tissue under the skin along both sides of
the ventromedial line and extend from the umbilicus to
slightly above the anus

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15
Q

Feeding – Describe how the young each of the following nurse:
others

A

nurse their young on land or ice and their neonates actively

suckle on the nipples

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16
Q

Dolphin constantly Developing…

Week 12 : Due to the maternal blubber layer what must the fetus do to maintain proper body temperature?

A

Due to the maternal blubber layer the fetus must swim in the

womb to maintain proper body temperature

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17
Q

By how much are the testes of odontocetes larger than average expected for mammals of their size?

A

Odontocetes usually have testes 7 to 25 times larger

than the average expected for mammals their size

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18
Q

The shape and size of ovaries vary among marine mammals:
describe generally the shapes for the following:
Manatee - ??
Sea otters- ??
Odontocetes - ??
Mysticetes - ??
Phocids - ??

A

manatee - flat and broad

sea otters – compressed oval

odontocetes – spherical or ovoid

mysticetes – flat elongated

phocids – ovoid, smooth

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19
Q

Maturation rates of young cetaceans:
Plankton feeders – ? yrs
Fish feeders – ? yrs
Squid feeders – ? yrs

Contrast Manatee maturity vs Dugongs ?

A

Plankton feeders – 4-8 yrs
Fish feeders – 4-10 yrs
Squid feeders – 4-10 yrs

Manatee maturity 4-8 yrs
Dugongs maturity 6-12 yrs

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20
Q

Feeding – Describe how the young each of the following nurse:
sea otter

A

young feed while lying on their
mother’s stomach or beside her
as they get older

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21
Q

How much care required?

cetaceans and sirenians

A

preconscious young

little care or protection

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22
Q

papiniform plexus

A

supply testes with

blood

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23
Q

Cetacean penis: - describe what tissue it is made of and what land species this mimics.
In a large whale how large can the approx length and diameter be?

A

no bone in the penis and it is fibroelastic as found in cows, pigs and antelopes

the penis may reach
2.5 to 3 m long and 25-30 cm in diameter

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24
Q

give birth where:

Cetaceans, Sirenians Sea otters

A

water

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25
Q

Compare gestation periods between squid-feeders vs plankton/fish-feeding cetaceans

A

squid –feeders (16 mo) > plankton/fish – feeding species (10-13 mo)

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26
Q

Species variation in reproductive organs exists in :

A

Anatomy; Morphology; Physiology; Cycling of hormones

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27
Q

Testes: Compare size between right whale and sperm whale

A

Right whales > versus Sperm whales

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28
Q

epididymus

A

sperm stored

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29
Q

lactation periods:
Sirenians = ??
some Cetaceans = ??

A

2 years in Sirenians, some Cetaceans*

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30
Q

Feeding – Describe how the young each of the following nurse:
sirenian

A

young feed on their mother’s nipples with their nostrils slightly out of the water or
slightly under the water surface

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31
Q

In what species are the largest testes found? What is their relative weight?

A

Right whales = weighing up to 900 kg combined

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32
Q

In certain Otariid species, if the testes are withdrawn into the abdomin (deep inguinal area) what do they do to avoid hyperthermia?

A

testes
are withdrawn into the abdomen these testes may descend into the
scrotum

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33
Q

Dolphin constantly Developing…

Week 11-12 : what specifically has occurred at this time?

A

Sexual development has occurred

Penis will become enclosed into the body

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34
Q

Uterus type bipartite

A 
2 horns separated by a septum
with a common area near the cervix and 1  cervix
species: phocids
(Note – otariids (‘eared’) have
2 horns , one cervix
but whether they are
bicornuate or bipartite is ?)
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35
Q

Life Expectancy in cetaceans
Smaller species – ?? yrs

Large baleen whales, Sperm whales, killer whale – ?? yrs

A

14-50 years; 50-100 years

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36
Q

uterus type: Simplex

A

1 uterine body with no horns or
components & has 1 cervix
species: humans

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37
Q

Of the odontocetes which have the longest reproductive interval & what is it?

A

odontocetes (3- 5 yrs) vs mysticetes (1-3 yrs)

38
Q

What is the difference in reproductive intervals between: otariidae, phocidae and odobenidae

A 
Otarrids = provides = 1 year
walrus = 2-4 years
39
Q

Polar bears:

how many nipples and their location??

A

have 4 nipples, 2 on each side of the midline

of their abdomen

40
Q

Ovarian bursa

A

ensures eggs pass into oviduct (where

fertilization occurs); implantation in uterus

41
Q

Dolphin constantly Developing…

Week 24-28 : what specifically is formed at this time? what are eyes doing?

A

Tail is formed

Eyes opening and closing in womb

42
Q

Cetaceans:
how many nipples and their location??
describe what happens during nursing

A

have 2 nipples one on each side of the
midline of the ventral surface

during nursing of their young, the nipples
protrude and the milk is squeezed out under
pressure by the contraction of muscles

43
Q

Sirenians: -where are the testes found?

  • Describe any distinctions between manatees and dugong
  • relative to male reproductive organs?
A

penis is retracted when not
engorged
testes are found in the abdomen
in Dugong there is no prostate

44
Q

Sirenians
how many nipples and their location??
describe what happens during nursing

A

have 1 nipple located under each of their
pectoral flippers from which the young
suckle upon

45
Q

Uterus:

  1. How is it supported with the abdominal cavity?
  2. What are the three layers of the uterine wall
A
  1. supported by broad ligaments
  2. wall has 3 layers:
    outside – serous membrane
    middle – myometrium
    inner – lining or endometrium
46
Q

contrast the cervix between a Narwhal versus Harbor porpoise

A

very short in Narwhals

very long in Harbor porpoises

47
Q

When do female forage/feed?
Cetaceans, Sirenians,
Sea otters & Some
Pinnipeds (Walrus)

A

Females continually
forage for food while
feeding young

48
Q

Sea Otters
how many nipples and their location??
how is it different from other speices of mustelids?

A

have 2 nipples on their lower abdomen
unlike other species of Mustelids which may
have 6 or more

49
Q

uterus type: duplex

A

2 separate horns & has 2 cervix

species: Walrus

50
Q

lactation periods:
Give the lactation periods for the following:
Hooded seals = ??-
Harp seals = ??

A

4 days in Hooded seals,

12 days in Harp seals

51
Q

Contrast the location anatomically and shape difference of mamamary glands between: -phocids (‘earless’) versus Otariids (‘eared’)

A

Phocids (‘earless’) have their mammary glands lying in under their
blubber and encased in a connective sheath

mammary glands of Otariids (‘eared”) form into a thin layer under
the blubber covering most of the ventral body surface

52
Q

Marine mammal milk, when compared to terrestrial mammals:
Fat = ?
Protein =?
lactose = ?

A

high in fat (40-50%)
protein = 7-29%
low lactose= 0-5%

53
Q

Otariids/odobenids/ some phocids:
how many nipples and their location??
in other phocides does this diffeR?
describe what happens during nursing

A

have 4 nipples

Other Phocids: have 2 posterior nipples

Pinniped nipples retract below the skin level when not
nursing and become erect once nursing occurs

54
Q

describe difference between a manatee versus dugong cervix.

A

West Indian Manatees = rounded cervix

Dugongs have a shield that starts in the uterus,
surrounds the cervix and extends into the
vagina

55
Q

Why do dolphins have to mate quickly?

What aspect of the mating is critical for successful viable sperm transfer

A

Dolphins must mate quickly:

  • predators such as sharks and killer whales
  • salt water can kill sperm
  • female vagina locks around the penis to create a water tight seal and keep salt water away from sper
56
Q

When do female forage/feed?
Polar bears & Some
Pinnipeds (Elephant
seals)

A

Females fast (eat no
food) at early stages of
feeding young

57
Q

Pinnipeds:

  1. Do testes size and function change?
  2. Prostate gland weight in a southern elephant seal?
A 
1. there are seasonal changes in testes
size and function
2. weighing up to 760 g in the Southern
elephant seal
has similar physiology in all seals
58
Q

Testes:

Compare size as percent of their body weight between Dusky dolphin and human

A

testes of Dusky dolphins are 8% of their body
weight as compared to humans where their
testes are only 0.08%

59
Q

Describe what is a reproductive interval

A

time between babies

60
Q

tunica albigina

A

connective tissue

covering testes

61
Q

describe the mechanics of the cetacean penis: ie how is it retracted and how does it protrude?

A

it is the penis that is retracted forming an S like loop but when engorged with blood, this loop allows for protrusion of the penis without actually lengthiening it.

62
Q

List, in anatomical order, the basic structures that make up the female reproductive system

A

an ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina,
clitoris and vaginal vestibule

Mammary glands –> secondary organs

63
Q

Where is the location of breeding for:

Polar bears some pinnipeds (elephant seals)

A

breed on land

64
Q

Pinnipeds, Polar bears & sea otters:

  1. which of these have posses a penis?
  2. what is thought to be the function of this structure?
  3. in which species is this baculum largest? in which grouping of animals is this smallest?
A

1.. all
2. suggested it prevents water damage to sperm
esp for those who mate in water
3. largest = Walrus
smallest = Otariid (‘eared’) pinnipeds

65
Q

What are considered the secondary organs?

A

vaginal vestibule

66
Q

Cervix:

what is it; where located; what is its purpose?

A

highly muscular sphincter (a muscle that
forms a ring and contracts onto itself) that
separates the uterus from the vagina

67
Q 
Where is the location of breeding for: 
some pinnipeds (gray seals)
A

breed in both water and land

68
Q

Their reproductive biology and anatomical morphology refers to what exactly?

A

(different forms of an individual or species)
evolved to accommodate the problems that
water poses

69
Q

Describe how sea otters and polar bears differ in reproductive invertales

A

sea otter = 1 year;

polar bear = 2 -4 years

70
Q

Dolphin constantly Developing…

Week 9 : what anatomy develops at this time in dolphin?

A

Nostrils merge and

form blowhole

71
Q

What differences are there between: Phocid versus otariid seals regarding the scrotum?

A

Phocids seals: have no scrotum

Otariid seals:
possess a scrotum but,in certain Otariid species the testes
are withdrawn into the abdomen these testes may descend into the
scrotum to avoid hyperthermia (high
temperature)

72
Q

Where is the location of breeding for:

Cetaceans, Sirenians Sea otters some pinnipeds (walrus)

A

In water

73
Q

The shape and size of ovaries vary among marine mammals:
describe generally the shapes for the following:
Manatee - ??
Sea otters- ??
Odontocetes - ??
Mysticetes - ??
Phocids - ??

A

manatee - flat and broad

sea otters – compressed oval

odontocetes – spherical or ovoid

mysticetes – flat elongated

phocids – ovoid, smooth

74
Q

lactation periods:

Do they vary between species? By how much?

A

yes range from days to years

75
Q

Types of Uterus

A

Marine mammals exhibit 3 of the 4 types of

uteri that is possible to find in mammals

76
Q

Dolphin constantly Developing…
Week 52 : -what happens at this time? - what is average weight of baby? - how is it born (ie what position) and why? - what is the position of the fins and why?

A

At birth the dolphin weighs approximately 30 pounds

Born caudal fin first so that he does not inhale water during the birth

All fins are folded against his body and are soft to prevent injury to mother

77
Q

mediating testes

A

suport structure for

vessels etc

78
Q

Contrast the tissues surmounting the baculum between otariids and phocids

A 
Phocid (‘earless”)
baculum –surmounted by thick
glandular like structure
scrotum – have none
testes – external to abdominal
muscles, but covered
by superficial muscle
Otariid (‘eared’)
baculum – Covered only by thin
layer epithelium
scrotum – have yes
testes – in some species
withdrawn into inguinal position
79
Q

The male reproductive system Is ‘internal’ (does not protrude until breeding) to help with _______________________ ?

A

hydrodynamic efficiency

80
Q

In smaller cetaceans – contrast lactation periods in: Squid-feeders vs fish-feeders

A

Squid feeders (12-20 mo) > fish feeders (10-12 mo)

81
Q

Feeding – Describe how the young each of the following nurse:
cetacean

A

feed their young underwater

82
Q

testes in cetaceans: what they look like

A

shiny white testes are usually long and

cylindrical

83
Q

What advantage is it for terrestrial mammals to have: their testicles contained within the scrotum?

A

Scrotum (containing testicles) in terrestrial mammals helps to
lower temperature of the testes.

84
Q
  1. Describe gestation time
  2. Which species of marine mammal has the shortest gestation period?
  3. Of the odontocetes which have the longest gestation period and what is it?
  4. Of the pinnipeds which group has the longest and what is it?
  5. Among sirenians what are the differences in gestation between manatee and dugongs
A
  1. sea otters (6 months) 3
  2. squid feeders
  3. walrus =16mths
  4. a month difference
    (13 = manatee; dugongs 14mth)
85
Q

How much care required?

sea otters, polar bears, pinnipeds

A

lots of parental care

86
Q

mesovarium

A

attached to dorsal side of a large ligament called

‘broad ligament’

87
Q

What do marine mammals exclusively fed their newborn young?

A

use milk

88
Q

*In large cetaceans – contrast the lactation periods in: Squid-feeders vs plankton-feeding

A

squid – feeders (24 mo) > plankton feeding whales (5-7 mo)

89
Q

Among sirenians what are the differences in reproductive intervals between manatee and dugongs?

A

manatees 2 -4 years

dugongs 3- 7 years

90
Q

what tends to happen to the testes weight during breeding season?

Give the name of a species example.

A

Weight of the testes increases during breeding season

Eg. Spinner dolphins

91
Q

describe a cetacean cervix

A

Cetacean cervix is long with a thick wall that
extends a lumen (hollow passage) into the vagina

(note that the length of this passage varies depending on species)

Marine Physiology (15 decks)

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