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Marine Physiology > 6b diving > Flashcards

6b diving Flashcards

1
Q

Water is.. when compared to air

5

A
  1. 1000x more dense than air
  2. 60 x more viscous
  3. 25x faster heat transference
  4. reduction of light penetration
  5. water can range in salt content
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2
Q

Diving Behaviours:

What 6 key behaviours have had to be adapted by marine mammals?

A
  1. swimming
  2. diving
  3. regulating temperature
  4. controlling salt equilibrium
  5. navigate
  6. hunt for food
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3
Q

By adapting 1 (or a combo) of any of which of the following systems in order for the 6 key behaviours to adapt to marine mammals.

A
  1. cardiovascular
  2. nervous
  3. respiratory
  4. excretory
  5. sensory
  6. reproduction
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4
Q

One of any number of the systems mentioned can be affected or be required during: (3 points)

A
  • diving,
  • metabolic responses
  • temperature regulation
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5
Q

What variations can alter or affect diving ability?

A
  • environmental water conditions (depth of water)
  • temperature of water (warm. vs. freezing)
  • season (Summer vs. winter)
  • age (newborns vs. adult)
  • health
  • size of animal
  • time spent hunting
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6
Q

dive behaviours/profiles reflect (4)

A
  1. depths
  2. amount info time spend at those depths
  3. time spend off the surface.
  4. size of species = amount of o2 required to hint and acquire food
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7
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> otariids: sea lions

Describe the seasonal variation

A

dive to 75 m for 4 minutes during summer

rest of the year they dive deeper and longer (536 max for 12 months)

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8
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> otariids: sea lions

Do they spend significant time at sea? how long?

A

yes, several days or up to 2 weeks

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9
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> otariids: sea lions

describe their frequency of diving? how long on the surface?

A

continous divers

rest on the surface for 3% of the time

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10
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> otariids: Stellar Sea lions

  1. What is their dive depths on average?
    and for how long?
  2. what is their max dive?
A
  1. 21 m on average for less than 1 minute

2. 200 m = max dive

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11
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> otariids: Stellar Sea lions

  1. What season(s) do they tend to dive deeper?
  2. except ?
A
  1. spring and summer

2. except adult females who dive deeper in winter

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12
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> otariids: Southern sea lion

  1. What is the average depths of their dives?
  2. When do they dive mostly?
A
  1. 250m

2. at night

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13
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> otariids: Southern Sea lions

  1. are there any difference in lactating females?
  2. describe their dive pattern
  3. how much time do they spend on the surface?
A
  1. dive between 19-62 m (175 m max)
  2. continous
  3. very little time on surface (1 minute)
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14
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> otariids: Northern fur seals

how long do they go out to sea for?

A

more than several months

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15
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> otariids: Northern fur seals

have their dive behaviours been well documented?

A

NO

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16
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> otariids: Galapagos Fur seal

Describe their diving behaviour from young to older seals

A

changes as they age
young divers: 6m for 50 seconds during the day

older seals: 61 m for 3 minutes at night

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17
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> Odobenids

What and how long is their average dive ?

A

80 m for 10 mins

18
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> Odobenids

What and how long is their lomngest and deepest dive ?

A

133 max

longer than 25 minutes

19
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> Odobenids

what is known about those found near greendland?

A

dove 81 % of their time at sea

20
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> Phocids

describe their overall diving characteristics

A

at usually at sea constant for weeks and moths at a time and give or hunt constantly.

21
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> Phocids: elephant seal

describe their dive pattern and any age related differences

A

young: 100 m for 6 min (constantly)

adult: 600m for 33min (continuously for 7 to 8 months)
max: 1444m for 113 mins

22
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> Phocids: Hawaiian Monk Seals

What kind of depth are these seals found to dive in?
how long d other dives last?

A

shallow water

10-40m up to 60 minutes

23
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> Phocids: Weddell seals

  1. Where are they found?
  2. dive pattern
  3. seasonal variations
  4. what is the max ?
A
  1. antarctic
  2. varies depending on the season
  3. shallow divers in spring (50-200m) >summer(250 to 450 m)
  4. 750 m for 73 minutes
24
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> Phocids: Baikal seals

Contrast their avg dive
depths and times to their max ability

A

10-50 meteres for 2-6 minutes

max: 300 meteres for 40+ minutes

25
Q

Diving behaviour: pinnipeds–> Phocids: Hooded seals

Contrast their avg dive
depths and times to their max ability

A

100-600 m
max: 1000 m
last up to 52 minutes

26
Q

Diving behaviour: sea otters

Describe what is known about their diving behaviours?

A

shallow coastal water
continuously during the day
brief periods of rest,
grooming and eating occur during dives.

27
Q

Diving behaviour: Sirenian: Manatees

  1. Describe their diving behaviours
  2. the will they spend more time at the bottom for
A
  1. shallow divers (20-30 meters) for up to 20 minutes

2. Rest on bottom NOT foraging

28
Q

Diving behaviour: Sirenian: dugongs

Describe their diving characteristics

A

dive less then 20 m

last up to 4 mins or 6 mins max

29
Q

Diving behaviour: Cetaceans: odontocetes –> Shortbeaked common dolphins

  1. Avg. vs. Max
  2. When do they usually dive
A
  1. 90 m for 3 mins
    max: 260 m for 8+ mins
  2. At night
30
Q

Diving behaviour: Cetaceans: odontocetes –> Pantropical spotted dolphins

  1. Avg. vs. Max
  2. When do they usually dive
A
  1. 50-100 m for 2-4 mins
    max: 170 meteres
  2. feeding occurs at night
31
Q

Diving behaviour: Cetaceans: odontocetes –> long finned pilot dolphins

avg dives

A

500 - 600 m for 16 mins

32
Q

Diving behaviour: Cetaceans: odontocetes –> northern bottlenose whales

avg dives

A

800-1500 m for 30 min - 2 hrs

33
Q

Diving behaviour: Cetaceans: odontocetes –> Harbour porpoises

avg dives

A

continuous diving
70 m - 100 m
up to 7 mins

34
Q

Diving behaviour: Cetaceans: odontocetes –> Narwhals

  1. avg dives vs. max abilities
  2. difference in females and males?
A
  1. 8-52 meters for 5 minuts
    max: 500-1000 m for 20 mins
  2. yes
35
Q

Diving behaviour: Cetaceans: odontocetes –> sperm whales

  1. avg dives vs. max dives
  2. how much time is spent on the surface
  3. season differences
  4. sex differences
A
  1. 2000 m for 41 mins
    (deepest ever recorded 3000m)
  2. 9 mins
  3. duration and surface intervals longer in summer than winter
  4. males spend less time on the surface compared to females
36
Q

Diving behaviour: Cetaceans: mysticetes –> gray whales

  1. Shallow lagoons
  2. Bering sea
A
  1. 4-10 metres for 105 mins

2. dives last on average of 3 minutes

37
Q

Diving behaviour: Cetaceans: mysticetes –> Blue whales

Percent of time spend submerged?

A

94%

38
Q

Diving behaviour: Cetaceans: mysticetes –> Blue whales

Avg. vs. max

A

avg. 105 m for 407 mins

max: 150-200m for 18 mins

39
Q

Diving behaviour: Cetaceans: mysticetes –> Blue whales

Are there any changes noted in diving?

A

hunted, dive up to 50 mins

40
Q

Diving behaviour: Cetaceans: mysticetes –> Humpback whales

  1. avg vs max
  2. what is known
A
  1. shallow and short dives
    <3 mins
    <60 meteres to 120 meters max!

Marine Physiology (15 decks)

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