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Marine Physiology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cetacean Eyes: wild vs. Captivity (Differences of above water vision)

A

in wild and captivity = dolphins display excellent above water visual abilities compared in captivity, dolphins actually reduce use of echolocation (use of sounds) as above water vision takes on more demanding role

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2
Q

Cetacean Eyes: What colour spectrum is their vision limited to?

A

Blue/green spectrum only because of poorly developed colour vision

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3
Q

Cetacean eyes: What type of vision do they have and why?

A

Binocular vision b/c small movement of the eyes

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4
Q

Cetaceans eyes: describe the role of glands under the eyes?

A

They have glands under the eyelids which creates copious flow of viscous tears

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5
Q

Pinniped Eyes: What type of vision do they have to accommodate for their habitats?

A

They have underwater and aerial vision since they live in water and on land.

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6
Q

Pinniped vision: describe 3 uses for their vision in water

A

Prey detection Avoiding enemies Spatial orientation during migrations

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7
Q

Pinniped eyes: describe 4 sues for their vision on land

A

Breeding/Birthing/Feeding of pups intrapopulation relationships Orientation Enemies

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8
Q

Pinnipeds Eyes: In captivity, seals have been shown to be able to do what 3 visual skills?

A

Seals were able to recognize shapes, distinguish small objects, and analysis of visual images in captivity .

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9
Q

Pinnipeds eyes: What colour spectrum is their vision limited to?

A

Blue/green spectrum

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10
Q

Sirenian Eyes: What is known about what they can do visually?What colour spectrum is their vision limited to?

A

Little is known except that they track underwater using vision Blue/green colour vision

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11
Q

Sea Otters Eyes: What is know about their colour vision And what have they been shown to be able to recognize objects?

A

Very little is known but they do need good vision in both water and air to hunt and to discern enemies and can discriminate objects of different sizes

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12
Q

Polar Bear Eyes: What is known about their vision? What is their main purpose of their vision? What can they do underwater?

A

Little is known about their vision Seems to have good visual capabilities in both air and water for hunting purposes Can distinguish small objects up to 6 - 9 m deep underwater

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13
Q

What is light?

A

Light is defined as a type of electromagnetic radiation (energy) that is detectable (within the visible range) by the human eye and ht at it travels in waves

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14
Q

What is amplitude and what does it define?

A

How high the wave is from the base (the height of it) How bright the light is

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15
Q

What does wavelength contribute to light?

A

Gives the light its colour From one amp to the next

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16
Q

List the visible colours from shortest to longest wavelength

A

Violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red Violet/blue –> RED

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17
Q

The atmosphere is composed of a mixture of what 3 things? Give examples of each

A
  1. Molecules (O2, Nitrogen, Co2, etc) 2. Water (vapour, crystals, droplets) 3. Solid particles (dust, pollen, salt, etc)
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18
Q

The atmospheres composition varies depending what 4 main things?

A
  1. Location 2. Weather (rain, fog, sunny, etc) 3. Pollution 4. Natural events (volcanoes, fires)
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19
Q

Unless _________ happens light will travel in a straight line and will appear as what colour?

A

It hits an object (dust, water molecule, pollution, etc) White

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20
Q

Describe what 2 things may happen if light hits water molecule…

A

1) it will change either its amplitude, wavelength or both 2) the molecule will absorb some of it and released that absorbed part of the light in a different direction

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21
Q

Which frequencies of colour are absorbed more often? Give examples of colour this applies to? What can this result in?

A

Higher frequencies such as violet/blue are absorbed more often than lower frequencies. Therefore various colours are created (rainbows and sunsets) Also that is why some animals have blue/green colour vision.

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22
Q

When going from the atmosphere into the water, light gets affected by what 2 processes?

A

1) refraction 2) absorption

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23
Q

What is refraction? What happens when it goes through atmosphere? water?

A

The process by which light is changed or bent when it travels from through the boundary of 2 different mediums of materials Light travels slower or faster is materials of different densities In the atmosphere, light goes through almost unchanged. In water it is slowed down by 30% which causes light to refract or bend. This bending occurs at the surface between atmosphere and water and is reversible.

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24
Q

What is absorption?

A

The collection of light by the various materials floating in the water

25
Q

What normally happens to light in the atmosphere? At 18 metres what percent of light rays are there? At 100 meters what percent of light rays are there?

A

Under water, the amount of visibility depends on the amount of light reaching a particular depth. @ 18m –> 18% of light rays reach this depth @ 100 m –> 1% of light rays reach 100 metres

26
Q

What processes does this affect?

explain what is the net result?

A

Refrection

this bent or refracted image appears underwater to be larger (magnified) and closer (

27
Q

What processes is this picture showing?

Explain why and the end net result?

A

Absorption

is collecting all the light of the various materials floating in the water

28
Q

Label the parts of the eye

A
29
Q

Body attitude: identify each of these and its main purposes

A

A) blowing

B) diving

c) spy-hopping: visually inspect the environment on land

30
Q
A
31
Q

What controls how your eye focuses? How does it do this?

A

LensThe flexibility of ht e lens is what allows the light to hit the retina at the correct location located in the back of the eye

32
Q

Amphibious eyesight has the following requirements

A

Seeing from air to water and from water to air

33
Q

What is the key issue or problem anatomically for amphibious eyesight?

A

The lens was non flexible

34
Q

What is hyperopia and how does it relate to the amphibious eyesight?

A

Far sighted- the eye is adapted to air, trying to see underwater will cause this Able to see closer than far.

35
Q

What is myopia and how does it relate to amphibious eyesight?

A

Near - sightedAble to see far but no nearEye is adapted to water, trying to see in air will cause this .

36
Q

Emmetropia in water is what?

A

Lens is more spherical (aquatic like)

37
Q

Emmetropia in air

A

If lens more disk-shaped (terrestrial like)

38
Q

Marine mammal vs. Land mammal:Describe the differences in1) the cornea (give an example) 2) the retina (give an example)

A

1) cornea of a marine mammal eye is stronger than a land mammals. The cornea of marine mammal resembles more closely to that of a fishEx: dolphins have muscles that can bend ht emir cornea so they can focus above the water 2) Retina = light sensitive tissues lining the inner surface of the eye, contains mostly ROD cells or photoreceptors cells hat function in less intense light. (In baleen whales there are less cone cells which can differentiate between colours and are sensitive to bright light)

39
Q

What structure aids vision in low light conditions?How does it work and where exactly is it found?

A

Tapetum lucidem - a reflective layer behind the retina that reflects light back through the retina a second time to aid vision in low light conditions Humans do not have this!

40
Q

So whales have tear ducts? What is the adaptation relevant to this?

A

NOThey ave a gland in the cornea and eyelids that secretes an oily lubricating substance

41
Q

Marine mammal facts on vision: Sea Otters1) What 2 characteristics in their behaviour is relevant to their vision?2) what is their requirement for vision?3 what do they have to aid the to “see better” using their lends under water? And how does it do that?

A

1) do not dive deep (<120 ft) and spend almost have their time on surface or diving 2) need food vision for both air and water3) have ciliary (eye) muscles that can bend the lens to aid in underwater vision

42
Q

Marine mammal Facts on Vision: Bottlenose Dolphins 1) what 2 characteristics in their behaviour is relevant to their vision?2) what is their requirements for vision?

A

1) Generally go not give deep or for long and hunt mostly in water where it’s dim/dark and is dominated by the blue colour2) require good vision underwater but NOT above water

43
Q

Marine Mammal facts on Vision: Manatee1) What characteristics in their behaviour and environments impacts on their vision?2) What kind of colour vision do they have?3) how does their eye size compare to other marine mammals?

A

1) are herbivores and live in shallow waters; very bright and clear to very dim and murky environments2) dichromatic vision3) very small eyes (only 2 cm in diameter)

44
Q

Marine mammal facts on vision: Pinnipedia1) What characteristics in their behaviour is relevant to their vision? What is their requirement for vision?

A

Diving is relevant to their vision (range from shallow to deep) so have a wide variety of vision adaptations to help them see underwater.

45
Q

Marine mammal facts on vision: PinnipediaWhat 2 things protects their eyes from debris?

A

A clear membrane that covers their eyes Continually producing tear film

46
Q

Marine mammal facts on vision: PinnipediaDoes their cornea have any adaptations from terrestrial and if so what?

A

Strengthened cornea

47
Q

Marine mammal facts on vision: PinnipediaHow is their vision underwater in low light and why?

A

Their vision is clear in water becuase they have large and spherical Elena which allows for effective refraction of light underwater and they also have a. Well developed tapetum lucidem and a large number of rods

48
Q

Marine mammal facts on vision: PinnipediaHow is their vision on land?; what happens in low light then?

A

reasonable vision Visions in blurred in low light conditions

49
Q

1) Describe the meaning of cetaceans and pinnipeds being monochromatic? 2)Explain what their distribution of rods and cones means for their vision? 3) What allows most terrestrial mammals to have dichromatic colour vision and what does this mean? 4) What about humans?

A

1) Only 1 light source to define colours2) The combination of rods and cones allows them to see a large range of light intensities rather than colours 3) have both short and long wave cones, which require 2 light sources to define colours4) Humans are trichromatic

50
Q

Ears consists of what three parts? (3)

A
  1. External ear; external auditory meatus2. Middle ear3. Inner ear
51
Q

1) What are the pinnae? 2) where are they located? 3) Describe who has them?

A

1) Visual outer fleshy part 2) Connected to the external auditory meatus3) Otariidae, polar bears and sea otters

52
Q

What species do not have an external pinnae? What do they have instead?

A

Walrus, earless seals and sirenia Minute holes

53
Q

Ears: Describe how cetaceans are different?

A

Have no external earsThey have modified manner of carrying sounds to the middle ear as their external auditory meatus narrows down until it is no longer patent (open) Use their mandibles to carry sound through fatpad to the tympanic membrane or eardrums

54
Q

Nares (nostrils) and Blow holes: Describe their basic overall function

A

To allow air to enter or exit for respiration and to control the entry of water into the trachea.

55
Q

Nares (nostrils) and Blow holes: Describe how these open and close in marine mammals?What is the advantage to them to do it this way?

A

Opening is controlled by the contraction of skeletal muscles whereas closing of these openings are passive process. Energy conserving adaption which avoids the need for continuous muscle contractions to keep water out of the respiratory tract

56
Q

Nares (nostrils) are only found in which marine mammal groupings?

A

Pinnipeds, sea otters, and polar bears

57
Q

Blow files are found in which marine mammal groupings?

A

Only in cetaceans (ie: whales, dolphins, porpoises)

58
Q

Nares (nostrils) and Blow holes: Describe the differences in how large vs. Smaller in terms of breathing patterns (advantages and disadvantages)

A

Larger cetaceans will curl their body as they come to the surface to have ht ear blow holes free to breath and continue swimming but has a high resistance. Smaller cetaceans will leap out of the water to breath which allows them to breath easier and is more efficient

Marine Physiology (15 decks)

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