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Marine Physiology > 8b Renal system > Flashcards

8b Renal system Flashcards

1
Q

renal system:

Mammals in general require a means to:

A
  1. Regulate the composition of body fluids
  2. Regulate fluid volume
  3. Excrete wastes from the body
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2
Q

Which structure produces urine?

A

kidney

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3
Q

What structure propels urine from kidneys to bladder?

A

ureter

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4
Q

What is function of bladder?

A

hold urine

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5
Q

What structure connects bladder to external environment?

A

urethra

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6
Q

The kidney is organized into 2 layers – name them and describe their location:

A
  1. cortex (outer layer)

2. medulla (inner region)

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7
Q
  1. collecting ducts are found in what layer of the kidney and converge to what structure?
  2. The region this is found is known as ??
A

inner medulla
renal papilla

  1. renal pelvis
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8
Q

Monocalyceal kidney

A

one single renal pelvis and set of papillae (together called a calyx)
i.e.: mouse kidney

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9
Q

Multicalyceal kidney

A

divided into multiple calcies

i.e.: humans, mammals

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10
Q

Multireniculated kidney

A

separated into distinct lobes each individual lobe called reniculum acts as a serape little kidney having its own cortex and medulla
i.e.: marine mammals, few terrestrial males that need to conserve water

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11
Q

What is unique about Sirenia kidneys?

A

DO NOT have TRUE reniculated kidneys; cortex is continuous

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12
Q

What is the name given to the kidney found in pinniped and cetaceans?

A

multireniculated kidney

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13
Q

Describe the structural anatomy of this style of kidney

A

A. hilus
renal arter energy; renal vein exits; ureter exists

b. renal capsule
CT and peritoneum

c. renicule
= single until of kidney has own cortex, medulla and pelvis

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14
Q

hilus

A

renal arter energy; renal vein exits; ureter exists

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15
Q

Renal capsule

A

CT and peritoneum

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16
Q

Gross overview in marine mammals

A

A: renicule
medulla = pink lighter aarea
cortex is the redder area
b. capsule of the kidney

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17
Q

Harbor seal bladder opened to expose inside

A

A. bladder inside view
muscular wall capable of significant expansion
b. urethra opening bladder side

18
Q
  1. What forms the basic functional filtration unit of the kidney?
  2. Are there few or many of these per kidney?
  3. What exactly do they do? What is their end product?
  4. What, if anything, can these structures resorb?
A
  1. nephrons
  2. hundred of thousands
    filter the blood to removes metabolic waste and excess minerals and excrete it as urine
  3. filter out everything that is smaller than 68 kda
  4. selectively reabsorb what the body requires.
19
Q

What is the nephron function and urine concentration dependent on? What happens here to allow urine to be produced?

A

the cortico-medullary acts as the kidney

establishes a counter current concentrator to produce urine

20
Q

Thin segment of ascending limb

A

passive transport of cl-

21
Q

descending limb

A

water reabsorbed, urine concentration

22
Q

thick LOH

A

active transport of Na+, K+

23
Q

collecting duct

A

selectively permeable to h20 reabsorption

24
Q

Describe 2 structural differences that the kidney can increase ability to concentrate urine ?

A

deep the medulla is relative toe the cortex

the longer the LOH (marine mammals do not have long loops though)

25
Q

The urine that mammals excrete is dependant upon what 3 processes?

A
  1. what is filtered out
  2. what is reabsorebed
  3. what is actively secreted
26
Q

Describe 2 unique strategies that marine mammals have developed to minimize water loss

A
  1. increased reabsorption of water

2. increased filtration nada secretion of salts and waste products

27
Q

Marine mammals are presented with unique challenges: - list 3 key ones relevant to the renal system.

A
  1. coping with increased salt intake
  2. coping with long fasting periods
  3. finding fresh water
28
Q

Marine mammals have to adapt their renal system to:

A
  1. extreme the large amounts of minerals injected

control the amount info water loss to prevent dehydration

29
Q

number of reticule correlates to…

A

The number of reticule correaltes with the salinity of the diet and is associate with an increased capacity to excrete urine

30
Q

Describe the 3 basic sources of water that mammals obtain water from to use for osmoregulation?

A
  1. drinking fresh water directly
  2. h2o in food; most fish and invertebrates consists of 60-80% water
  3. metabolic water: synthesis of fat or metabolism of protein
31
Q

Do marine mammals that live in freshwater lakes or rivers have to worry about removing huge amounts of minerals from their bodies ?
Give 2 examples of such species?

A

NO

ir; manatees, amazing river dolphins

32
Q

What do some pinnipeds do to directly access fresh water either in the wild or in captivity?

A

chew on ice or snow

captive: drink water from hose or trough

33
Q

What was the outcome with respect to urine output, of a study wherein West Indian Manatee maintained in salt water, deprived of fresh water but fed a diet of leafy green vegetables (~70% fresh water)?

A

produced normal urine output

34
Q

What are the 2 main compounds that are broken down by the body and how much water can each provide?

What is the implication of this for a marine mammal?

During fasting are these sources available and why?

A

fatty acid catabolism i gram of palmitate –>beta oxidation) –>1.07grams of h20

proteolysis
1 gram of protein –> 0.4 g h20

eat more fatty fish

yes because of storage of fat and protein

35
Q

A sea lion is deprived of both salt and fresh water for 45 days. Describe what will happen

A

along with fasting, the marine mammal will also decrease its urine output for further conservation of water

36
Q

What is one consequence of protein breakdown relevant for the kidney?

A

urea

37
Q

what is the impact of urea on water retention

A

urea must be excreted in the ruin resulting water loss

38
Q

What do marine mammals with high protein diet do to deal with this situation?
Give the scientific name for this and describe it

A

Mariposa = intentional ingestion of sea water

beneficial to marine mammals who have high protein diets, as the sea water an pride urinary osmotic space for urea, minimizing water loss

39
Q

Give one example of this from otariids, phocids and dolphins and the relative magnitude (daily) with mariposa

A

northern fur seal = 1.8 mL.kg per BW
harbour seal= 4.8mL/kg BW
common dolphin 12-13mL/kG per BW

40
Q

Discuss sea otters, their diet, eating habits and how relevant this issue is for them and what they do to cope.

A

Sea otters freely swallow sea water (avg. 62 ml’kg per body weight of saw water per day) to help extreme the high amount of urea it forms.

41
Q

Reducing Water Loss

What are 3 other key non-renal adaptations to conserve water in marine mammals:

A
  • skin of pinnipeds have FEW sweat glands
  • cetaceans have NO sweat glands
  • water loss from breathing is reduced by conserving breaths and cooling expressed air (countercurrent exchanges)

Marine Physiology (15 decks)

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