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Marine Physiology > 6a: Propulsion, swimming and locomotion > Flashcards

6a: Propulsion, swimming and locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

Propulsion/Swimming/locomotion:what purpose does the skeleton serve to accomplish?

A

key role in how each species of marine mammal moves on land or in water

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2
Q

Pinniped propulsion:

describe how the different species of pinnipeds move through water?

A

different species of pinnipeds have distinct differences when moving through water

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3
Q

Cetacean swimming:

What muscles contribute to downstroke?

A

utilizes epaxial muscles to extend the caudal fin upwards.

  1. mulifidus extensor
  2. longissimus extensor
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4
Q

Cetacean propulsion:

caudal fin: divided into 4 components name and describe them (also be able to spot them in pic)

A
  1. outside or cutaneous later
  2. thin blubber layer than any other part of the body
  3. layer containing ligaments that extends from the caudal keep and sides of the caudal fin
  4. flukes inner core made up of touch, dense fibrous tissues with an envelope of ligaments. Within this are numerous BV arranged to act as heat retaining countercurrent system
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5
Q

Propulsion/Swimming/locomotion:
cetaceans
caudal fins

A

movement through water is with these, and are divided into 2 flukes

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6
Q

Pinniped propulsion –> Phocids

1. what type of movement do they do?

A

lateral motion using hind flippers (side to side)

use webbing between toes to move more water (creating thrust) use fore flippers as paddles for steering

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7
Q

Cetacean propulsion:

what determines the shape of the caudal fin?

A

varies between cetaceans, depending on the power required to move the animal

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8
Q

Cetacean swimming:

What muscles contribute to downstroke?

A

utilizes hypaxial muscles that flex the caudal fin and depress the flukes
1. flexor caudae lateralis
flexor caudae medialis

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9
Q

Propulsion/Swimming/locomotion:

Sirenians body design

A

move only through water

uses caudal fin to move through water

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10
Q

Sea otter propulsion:

What are the two methods of moving through water?

A 
1. pelvic paddling (surface) 
pelvic undulation (diving)
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11
Q

Cetacean propulsion:: humpback whale;

describe the location and purpose of the tubercles on their pectoral fins?

A

on anterior edge of find

act as lifting devices

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12
Q

Sea otter propulsion:

VDU?

A
  • pelvic paddling
  • head and scapular region are kept above water
  • only hide limbs are used to move the animal through water with the fore feet held across the chest
  • hind lies may move simultaneously or alternatively
  • used for swimming place to place in pre to dive or swimming submerged at high speeds.
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13
Q

Propulsion/Swimming/locomotion:

Pinnipeds body design

A
  • movement on land and through water

uses paired fore and hind flippers

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14
Q

Sea otter propulsion:

VSUD

A
  • pelvic paddling
  • swimming is normally associated with grooming behaviours
  • otter will roll along the axis of the body as it moves along
  • only the hind paws provide the propulsion during this behaviour
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15
Q

What has changed in the fore and hind lies of marine mammals to aid in propulsion in aquatic environments and land if relevant

A

decreased in length but increased in SA

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16
Q

Cetacean swimming:

What major groupings are responsible and where are they found

A

alternating the action of the epaxial and by-axial muscles (found long the lumber and caudal regions)

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17
Q

Cetacean swimming:

describe what is unique about how cetaceans use their caudal fin and flukes for propulsion that conserves energy

A

the use elates band to power their caudal fin instead of metabolically producing energy. Strong elastic CT found in their flukes helps to transmit the propulsive forces while swimming. Tendons and CT sheath (in flukes), energy is stored as elastic strain E and is recovered as recoil.

18
Q

sirenian propulsion: caudal fin

  1. shape of manatees vs. dugongs?
  2. uses
  3. propulsion method used and mechanics
A
  1. manatee= broad flat caudal fin; dugong = caudal fin with flukes
  2. slow but capacble of powerful thrusts (when wanted); caudal oscillations to propel them
  3. propulsion: upward movement of caudal fin then downward swing.
    osciailation causes the body to displaced i na vertical manner (body up and down)
    caudal fin is also used to steer, bank or roll over`
19
Q

What is propulsion

A

a force causing movement

20
Q

Cetacean propulsion:
Caudal fin–>
What structure is found in the middle of the caudal fin but not actually a part of the fluke?
2. whats its function?

A
  1. compressed vertebrae

2. acts as a supportive structure of the caudal fin

21
Q

Sea otter propulsion:

VSU?

A

ventral surface up swimmign

  • type of pelvic paddling
  • body is partially submerged with the chest and head above the water
  • fore feet are normally folded on the chest with alternating simultaneous stokes of the hind limbs
  • some may raise both hind limbs above ware and move the tail in a lateral motion
  • type of swimming is used when the otter is feeding or as the first step to evade from disturbances.
22
Q

Sea otter propulsion:

Pelvic undulation

A
  • sued for propulsion when diving

- achieved by vertical flexing of the vertebral column

23
Q

Cetacean propulsion::

describe what is unique about pectoral fins on a humpback whale? and what is the reason?

A

have become adapted for high maneuvering during feeding; because they are long and narrow

24
Q

Cetacean propulsion:;

What percent of its body length are these pectoral fins in humpback whales?

A

25-35 percent of its total body length

25
Q

Propulsion/Swimming/locomotion: Compare flippers to caudal fins

A

paired flippers is slower but more efficient; allows for more rapid turns and movements
aural fins with flukes are more powerful, but slower to make turns or loops

26
Q

Cetacean propulsion:

What allows them to move through water in an efficient manner

A

pectoral fins

27
Q

Pinniped propulsion –> Phocids

advantages and disadvantages

A

Ad: more stable
dis: less fast than otariids

28
Q

sirenian propulsion: pectoral flippers

  1. what is the shape?
  2. how used by adults vs. young during swimming vs. during floating or along bottom?
A
  1. flat paddle like front pectoral flippers; usually kept close the body
  2. young –> swim only using pectoral flippers
    floating –> used for spinning and turning their bodies
    also used for walking along the bottom of their environment
29
Q

Propulsion/Swimming/locomotion:
cetaceans
fore limbs = pectoral fins

A
  • evolved vestigial hind limbs

- evolved to have forelimbs with elbows leading to a wrist and fingers that have become pectoral fins (Non flexible)

30
Q

Pinniped propulsion –> Otariids

What is power/paddle/recover cycle? and explain it

A
  1. is used to create the powerful forward thrust through water
    rotate the flipper –> push it forward –> pull it backwards towards the body
31
Q

Propulsion/Swimming/locomotion:
General principles
What key role does the skeleton play?

A

skeleton determines body size and attachment points for tendons and ligaments

32
Q

Pinniped propulsion –> Odobenids (walrus)
what kind of swimming pattern for locomotion
2. explain

A
  1. pelvic oscillation (hind limb swimming) for locomotion)

2. hind flippers = propulsion; fore flippers = steering

33
Q

sea otter propulsion:

  1. Explain pelvic paddling.
  2. what do they use to do this? (3 modes of movements)
A
  1. occurs at the surface and uses the hind limbs for propulsion
  2. a) ventral surface up swimming (VSU)
    b) ventral surface down swimming (VSD)
    c) Alternating ventral surface up and down swimming (VSUD)
34
Q

Cetacean propulsion::

how have pectoral fins been altered?

A

elbow is nar their bodies

what is seen moving consists of almost entirely of what is the fore arm and hand (in terrestrial mammals )

35
Q

Polar Bear propulsion:

What physiological adaptions they have for swimming?

A

they have developed strong limbs with feet that form flat plates–> distribute their weight when walking over snow
- use crawling action to move through water, hind limbs trailing.
To accodate, their forelimbs have rearranged some muscles which help them to pull themselves .

36
Q

Pinniped propulsion –> Phocids

  1. what kind of swimming pattern?
  2. explain
A 
pelvic oscillation (hind limb swimming) for locomotion
2. hind flippers = propulsion 
fore flippers = steering
37
Q

Pinniped propulsion –> Otariids

  1. what kind of swimming pattern?
  2. explain how they move
A
  1. pectoral oscillation (or forelimb swimming)
  2. move their large pectoral fore flippers similar to how birds use their wings. Fore flippers or forelimbs have almost 2x the SA than their hind (pelvic) flippers
38
Q

Describe different body designs evolved to compensate environment?
(terrestrial vs. marine)

A

Terrestrial: heavy body skeleton; long/thin or short/thick legs depending on predator or prey
Marine: long and slender body shape except polar bear.

39
Q

Cetacean swimming:

  1. Describe the style of swimming?
  2. what is it called?
A
  1. complex flexing and extending of several muscles , which moves the caudal fin up and down and flexes the fluke inward and outward
  2. caudal oscillation
40
Q

Propulsion/Swimming/locomotion:

sea/river otters & polar bears

A

almost move on both land and water

move using hind and forepaws.

41
Q

Pinniped propulsion –> Otariids

Advantages and disadvantages of this type of stroke?

A

ad: fast swimming and ability to do tight turns
dis: instability in trajectory

Marine Physiology (15 decks)

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