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Marine Physiology > 5b: skeletal muscle > Flashcards

5b: skeletal muscle Flashcards

1
Q

The muscular system is divided into what 4 regions

A
  1. cranial (head) 2. Axial (associated with the sc) 3. thorax/lumbar/pelvic 4. fore and hind limbs
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2
Q

Cranial muscles: Do the arrangement of these muscles differ in marine mammals compared to those of terrestrial animals? Why?

A

yes, i.e.: making facial movements such as breathing, visio, eating, sound etc..

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3
Q

What are the facial muscles of marine mammals involved in?

A

opening/closing the nares/blow holes to prevent water from entering the lungs

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4
Q

Where are the facial muscles in sirenians and what is its function?

A

inserted into the snout (nose) which makes it very flexible and allows them to use their snout for manipulation of their food.

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5
Q

Where are the facial muscles in cetaceans and what is its function?

A

arranged and positioned around the air sac system on their foreheads which are involved with the production of sound

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6
Q

Facial muscles: mysticetes how are they arranged and was is their function/purpose?

A

facial muscles extend between the 2 halves of the mandible (jaw bone) which is used to squeeze ingested water throw the baleen that enters the mouth as they feed.

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7
Q

Which muscle in terrestrial animals allows the young to suckle on mothers nipples? how does it do this?

A

Buccinator muscle forms part of the cheek wall and gives them rigidity when suction is produced.

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8
Q

Cranial muscles: Cetaceans does the same suckling apply to these animals?

A

NO, they have long snouts therefore cannot suckle.

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9
Q

Cranial muscles: cetaceans how do they nurse their young?

A

the mother cetacean will squirt milk into the baby’s moth by contraction of special muscles over mammary glands.

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10
Q

Cranial muscles: Pinnipeds Explain masticatory muscles

A

similar to those found in terrestrial carnivores

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11
Q

Cranial muscles: Sirenians Explain masticatory muscles

A

similar to terrestrial herbivores

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12
Q

Cranial muscles: Cetacean Temporal muscle size and function

A

reduced temporal muscles (open and closes jaws in terrestrials)

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13
Q

Cranial muscles: Cetaceans What other 2 muscles are involved opening and closing the jaw? what do these muscles normally do?

A

pterygoids and masseter - normal: later movement (side to side)

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14
Q

Cranial muscles: tongue is made mostly of _____ muscle?

A

skeletal

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15
Q

Cranial muscles: describe the size of the blue whale tongue and the percent of body weight it makes up

A

tongue = size of an elephant = 2.5% of body weight

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16
Q

Where are axil muscles usually attached?

A

found attached to the Sc the entire length of the body

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17
Q

skeletal muscle: pinnipeds describe the neck length and purpose of neck muscles

A

very long and very muscular and function is balancing during movement. Males: used to deliver blows during fighting for territory during breeding

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18
Q

skeletal muscle: cetaceans describe the neck length and purpose of neck muscles

A

neck muscles are unremarkable (short necks)

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19
Q

Skeletal muscle: cetaceans what are the main muscles that create propulsion?

A

epaxial and hypaxial

20
Q

skeletal muscle: cetaceans

draw and label the cross section lumbar region

A
21
Q

Skeletal muscle: cetacean1. What are the two epaxial muscles?2. Where do each of these attach to?

A
  1. longissimus and multifidus 2. run along the dorsal side of the transverse processes of the vertebrae
22
Q

What happens when spatial muscles contract?

A

they cause dorsal concavity or downward movement of the backpulls the tail up! ** do not affect head position

23
Q

Explain what longissimus muscle does and where it attaches

A

exerts its powerful movements by being attached to the subdermal sheath of tendons that is attached onto the spinous and traverse processes along the back in cetaceans. attachment of the terminal tail vertebrae to this same subnormal sheet moves the tail fluke

24
Q

Explain what multifidius muscle does and where it attaches?

A

Attaches to the posterior thoracic and lumbar vertebraefn: stiffen the back which provides stable platform of origin for the longissimus muscle

25
Q

Where is the cutaneous trunci muscle located??

A

muscle covers most of the thorax and abdomen in many mammals

26
Q

What is the function and purpose of cuteanous trunci muscle in sirenians?

A

very large and addicts in the downstroke of the tail

27
Q

What is the function and purpose of cuteanous trunci muscle in cetaceans?

A

specialized and overlies the mammary gland which it compress to squirt into the mouth of nursing young.

28
Q

Explain what the large hypaxial lumborum muscle does in cetaceans?

A

powers the downstroke of the flukestart attaching toe ventral side thoracic and lumbar vertebraeend: attaching to the ventral side of the caudal vertebrae and chevrons.

29
Q

What are the two extensions of hypaxials lumborum?

A
  1. flexor caudae lateralis2. medialis
30
Q

1./2.What is the purpose of retractor penis muscles found in cetaceans? (2)3.Is is not under ____ control like foudn in terrestrial mammals?

A
  1. retracts from pouch in body.2. helps maintain curve of penis and possible act as breaking during erection 3. muscular control
31
Q

fore limb muscles: cetaceansWhat are the roles of the limbs?

A

involved with steering and NOT propulsive forces during swimming

32
Q

fore limb muscles: cetaceansDescribe the shoulder movement

A

shoulder movement is mainly adductive (bring inward) and addictive (move outward) flexion and extension are limited.

33
Q

fore limb muscles: cetaceanswhat do they not have ? and what is the consequence of that?

A

no clavicle mainly muscles actor the scapula to the thoraxsuch as: pectorals, rhomboids, serrated ventralis, and latissimus

34
Q

What is the type of joint between scapula and humerus in cetaceans?

A

ball and socket joint movement

35
Q

What allows for some mobility between elbow, wrist and fingers?

A

ligaments

36
Q

fore limb muscles: sirenians what are the role of these limb?describe type of joints

A
  1. forelimbs are NOT used for propulsion; used to manipulate food and have muscles as those of territorial mammals2. synovial joints at the shoulder, elbow and wrist
37
Q

fore limb muscles: PinnipedsWhat is the role of the clavicle

A

ALL seals do not have clavicle; shoulder is loosely attached too the chest

38
Q

fore limb muscles: pinnipeds (phocidae)1. what are their forelimbs used for?2. flexibility of wrist and hand and extensivement of the muscular

A
  1. forelimbs not used for propulsion during swimming or have little role for land locomotion (expect northern seals for grabbing ice) 2. forearm/hand is very mobile
39
Q

fore limb muscles: pinnipeds (Otariidae)1. what are their forelimbs used for?2. flexibility of wrist and hand and extensivement of the muscular

A
  1. provide much of the propulsive force when swimming and used as locomotion on land2. flipper lack extensive muscles; reduced mobility in wrists
40
Q

fore limb muscles: pinnipeds (odobenidae)1. what are their forelimbs used for?2. flexibility of wrist and hand and extensivement of the muscular

A
  1. do no provide propulsive force when swimming but are used for locomotion on land2. mobile forearm and wrists
41
Q

Hind lime muscles: cetaceansdescribe what changes have occurred compared to terrestrials?

A

no hind lumps muscles in modern cetaceansrudimentary pelvis parts that sometimes can be found; seem to function as an attachment pt of the retractor penis muscle

42
Q

Hind limb muscles: pinnipedsHow develop are they?

A

very well developed

43
Q

Hind limb muscles: pinnipedswhich suborder uses their hindlimb for movement on land?

A

odobenidae and ottariids

44
Q

Hind limb muscles: pinnipedsWhat do phocidae and odobenidae use their limbs as?

A

use their limbs in adduction/abduction movement with their feet inverted

45
Q

Hind limb muscles: pinnipedswhat muscle is present in all pinnipeds but when cross is much stronger in provides than otariids?

A

muscles below the knees

46
Q

Hind limb muscles: pinnipedswhich suborder does not use their hindlimb when cwomming but use them for locomotion on land?

A

Otariidae

Marine Physiology (15 decks)

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