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Marine Physiology > 8: respiratory System > Flashcards

8: respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

list the 4 key functions of respiratory system of any mammal

A
  1. delivery air for gas exchange
  2. protect deep alveolar tissue from damage
  3. vocalization
  4. where appropriate contain olfactory receptors
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2
Q

As it pertains to water vapor content - Compare and contrast the expired air
between terrestrial and marine mammals
- what do seals have in their nasal cavity that assists with this

A

marine mammals must conserve water and so their expired air has must less moisture than tear. mammals in general
i.e.; dolphins expire air that is 70% less saturated with moisture than land animals do.
seals have structure in anterior nasal cavity; composed of bone with dense mesh that captures moisture during exhalation

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3
Q

The respiratory tract consists of what 4 main regions?

A 
nasal tract
larynx
trachea (c shaped)
lungs (branch, bronchioles, alveoli)
- in terr. animals
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4
Q

marina mammals respiratory system composed of

(5)

A 
nares or blow holes
nasal cavity
larynx (voice box) 
trachea (opening of the bronchus or tube leading to lungs) 
lungs
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5
Q

Contrast the general shape difference of nasal tract between -odontocetes vs mystictes

A

mysticetes have 2 blow holes

odontocetes have 1 blow hole

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6
Q

What forms the start of the respiratory system in cetaceans ?

A

Blow holes,

it ends at the lungs

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7
Q

Where are blow holes located? and how is it controlled for cetaceans?

A

conserve energy,y open these blow holes by actually contracting skeletal muscles situation around the blow holes.
passive relaxation of these muscles keeps the blowholes closed
located on top of their heads
Except sperm whales which his located on the anterior part of its head and slightly to the left centre

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8
Q

Describe the nares of sirenians

how do they become closed?

A

2 valved nostrils locked at the end of their nose (rostrum)

during a dive, their nostrils passively closed by anterior hinged valves

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9
Q

Pinnipeds and nares

A

like cetaceans, pinnipeds open nares by contracting their muscles located near openings; relaxing closes the openings

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10
Q

Polar bears/sea otters and Nares

similar to terrestrial animals

A

annular muscles that surround EACH nares

- contract these muscles to close the nares, relax to open

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11
Q

Describe the relationship between the nasal and oral cavities?

A

in humans/terrestrial they are connected to some degree,
means you can chew and breath at the same time. However you cannot breath and swallow simultaneously because of the epiglottis

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12
Q

What is the function info the larynx

A

the air from the nares pass through a nasal cavity to the larynx
serves to keep air separate from food going down the esophagus

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13
Q

What is the larynx composed of?

A

elongated epiglottis
cartilage
muscles

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14
Q

Which of these is responsible for safe swallowing and breathing?

A

structures of larynx all serve to keep air separate from going through esophagus.

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15
Q

Pinnipeds larynx

A

in addition to the epiglottis to keep water out of trachea , 2 large throat cartilages, the arytenoids lie close together and touch the posterior part of the epiglottic and powerful muscles

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16
Q

Terrestrial, sea otter and polar bear: Larynx

A

the epiglottis flips open to block oral cavity while breathing occurs, and flips closed to block trachea when swallowing.

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17
Q

What do pinnipeds have to keep water out of trachea?

A

Arytenoids ( 2 throat cartilages)

as well as powerful muscles that kelp keep out water.

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18
Q

Describe how the cetacean larynx is different?

A

In odontocetes BUT not mysticetes

- larynx has 2 elongated cartilages that provide a direct connected between the trachea and the blow hold –> GOOSEBEAK

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the goosebeak in odontocetes?

A

supported by a large thyroid cartilage. It extends through a small opening in esophagus into vertical nares (blowholes) passage which allows food to pass on either sides
allows air from the BH passage to enter the trachea directly

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20
Q

Mysticetes and Larynx

A

largest of any marine mammal to support the upper airway.
thyroid cartilages large relationship similar to other marine mammals and land mammals but sifted orientation and extra soft tissue.

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21
Q

What is the trachea made of?

A

cartilaginous rings that completely or partially encircle it enrich is an adaptation for diving

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22
Q

Trachea & pinnipeds

A

composed of complete or incomplete circles and overlap dorsally

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23
Q

trachea and cetaceans

A

short and consists of several cartilaginous rings (generally O shaped)

24
Q

How many trachea rings do belugas and sperm whales have?

A

5-7

25
Q

how many trachea rings do fin whales have?

A

13-15

26
Q

How many tracha rings do dugongs have?

A

4

27
Q

How many trachea rings do manatee’s have?

A

8- 12

longer than dugongs

28
Q

Describe the 3 basic components that make up the lungs of mammals

A 
2 bronchi (tube leading to lung lobes which operates into 2 tubes)
bronchioles (smaller branching of the broncho) 
alveoli (where gas exchange occurs)
29
Q

Contrast the relative size of marine mammal lungs to those of terrestrial mammals when adjusted to their body size.

A

marine mammal lungs most are NOT larger than terrestrial mammals but there are several important differences.
such as deeper diving marine mammals have flexible chest walls that allow for complete emptying of air form alveoli during diving

30
Q

Are cetacean lungs unique from other marine mammals and if so in what way?

A

They have no lobes and are different shapes.

the right lung is usually larger and longer and heaver than the left one –> heart is pushed towards the left.

31
Q

When compared to terrestrial mammals, are cetacean lungs more or less rigid and elastic and why?

A

cetacean runs are more RIGID and ELASTIC due to having more cartilaginous support

32
Q

Lungs of cetaceans: what are the differences between the two suborders?

A

odontocetes lungs are bigger than mysticetes

33
Q

What is their relative lung volume compared to terrestrial mammals or even other diving mammals?

A

cetaceans have lower lung volume than terrestrial mammals or other diving mammals.

34
Q

What is residual lung volume?

A

the amount of air left in the lung following an exhalation

35
Q

What is the size of residual lung volumes in cetaceans?

A

Very very very small, which means they empty their lungs more complete and gas exchange happens more fully (increased tidal volume)

36
Q

The advantage of the cetacean respiratory system lies not in its size, but rather in its efficiency. Describe this as it relates to its relative tidal volume and what the implication is

A

the large tidal volume of the cetacean lung allows it to exchange nearly all of the depleted air in its lung with each exhalation.

37
Q

Contrast the tidal volumes as a percent of total lung capacity between terrestrial mammals and marine mammals. What is the maximum recorded percent tidal volume is for a marine mammal.

A

Terrestrial mammals tide volume is 10 - 15% of the toal capacity of the lungs. Whereas, marine mammal lungs have an average tidal volume of 75% of the total capacity of the lungs. Maximum tidal volume even ranges up to 90% of the total lung capacity for some cetaceans.

38
Q

Of the following species of mammals list from least to most tidal volume as % of total lung capacity: Harbor porpoise, seal, manatee, human, bottlenose dolphin, fin whale, horse, bottlenose whale

A 
bottlenose dolphin, harbor porpoise, manatee, 
fin whale
bottlenose whale
seal
horse
human
39
Q

For a marine animal, why is increased tidal volume superior to simply having larger lungs?

A

larger lungs –> more energy to counteract the resultant increased buouyancy. Increased tidal bolus –> spatial and energetic advantage for cetaceans.

40
Q

Cetaceans:

describe the anatomy of primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, respiratory vesicles

A

primary bronchi runs almost the whole length of the lung

few secondary bronchi

secondary bronchi turn into small tubes that end in respiratory vesicles which are found along the length of the bronchioles and not at their ends as territorial mammals

41
Q

Sireanians:

describe the lung size and location in the body

A
  1. very long and extend almost as far back as their kidneys
42
Q

sirenians:
describe the location of primary bronchus and do they have many or few branches?
are the arrangements of alveoli different and unique?

A

primary bronchi runs almost the whole length of the lung
few secondary bronchi,

arrangement of alveoli different and unique to their species

43
Q

Sirenians:
Describe the characteristics of bronchioles and the unique feature that allows them to close their respiratory vesicles
what does this allow?

A

bronchioles are very muscular–> clan close respiratory vesicles.
2. allowing the lung volumed and air density to be compressed and be used to control buoyancy without the use of flippers or caudal fins

44
Q

Pinnipeds:

compare size of both lungs (left vs right)

A

both lungs are approximately equal in size

45
Q

Pinnipeds;

how many lobes do left and right lung have

A

both have 3 lobes except for the right lung which has a small additional lobe

46
Q

Pinnipeds:

describe the distribution of their primary bronchi and how this differs from human

A

trachea divided into 2 bronchi almost immediately as enters chest which run parallel

47
Q

pinnipeds:

after the bronchi divide into bronchioles, what do they then divide further into?

A

alveoli but there are variations within families of pinnipeds.
(the location of muscles and carriage surround the bronchioles)

48
Q

Pinnipeds: phocids alveoli anatomy

A
  • bronchioles reinforced completely with muscle and partially with cartilage
  • muscles extends full length of bronchioles to alveoli
49
Q

Pinnipeds: Otariids

alveoli anatomy

A
  • bronchioles mainly refined with cartilage
  • cartilage extends to the MOUTH of alveolar sacs
  • muscle DOES not extend full length of biochiole to alveoli
50
Q

Pinnipeds: Odobenid

alveoli anatomy

A

0 bronchial reinforced completed with muscle and partially with cartilage
- muscle extends full length of bronchial to alveoli
alveoli originates in 3 places
1) directly from cartilaginous airways
2) offshoot on muscle coat
3) laterally as alveolate ending

51
Q

How does the alveolar & bronchiolar anatomy differ in human vs pinnipeds

A

humans are reinforced by strips of muscles and there is NO carriage at the level of bronchioles

52
Q

Lungs: sea otter

contrast size of thoracic cavity

A

very large

53
Q

Lungs: sea otter

describe how many lobes make up the right vs left lung

A

right lung has 4 lobes;

left lung = 2 lobes

54
Q

sea otter & lungs

contrast the size of lungs in relation to their body size compared to other mammals of similar size

A

lungs are large in relation to body size (2.5 times larger than in other mammals of similar size)

55
Q

What are these larger lungs used for by sea otters? – is it to store oxygen during dives or….???

A

lungs are used to control buoyancy rather than store oxygen

56
Q

polar bear lungs

Describe any adaptations that polar bears lungs have to aid them in swimming or diving?

A

No specific adaptations.

Marine Physiology (15 decks)

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