LECTURE 5 - The Lobes Flashcards
What divides the parietal and occipital lobes?
parieto-occipital sulcus
What divides visual cortex in upper and lower halves?
Calcarine Fissure
Which area encompasses much of primary visual cortex?
Calcarine Sulcus
What is the lingual gyrus?
plays a role in vision especially in word recognition
___ is often referred to as the ___ cortex because of its distinct stripes.
V1 (BA 17), striate
How many visual areas have been identified?
9
In which V area is motion?
MT+
Which V area is color sensitive?
V8
V1 is the primary visual cortex, 1st level of processing. V1 receives the largest input from the ___ (located in the ___) and projects to __.
LGN, ___, all other occipital regions
V2 projects to ___.
all other occipital regions
After V2, what three distinct parallel pathways aid in further info processing?
dorsal, ventral, STS
V__ and V__ help ___ and ___ info to more specialized visual areas.
1, 2, segregate, deliver
V___ is involved in form perception.
3
V__ and V__ are responsive to __ and ___.
4, 8, shape color
V__ and MT+ are involved in perception of objects in motion.
5
The dorsal stream is involved in visual guidance of actions and recognition of ___ objects are in space.
where
The ventral stream is associated with ___ objects are including color and form.
what
Both dorsal and ventral pathways originate from ___.
V1
Vision for action (grasping a cup) is a function of ___ visual areas.
parietal
Action for vision (scanning faces) involves __ __.
eye movements
Visual recognition is recognition of faces, expressions, letters/symbols - able to assign meaning from the ___ lobe.
temporal
Damage to V1 will affect vision in __ __.
both eyes
If vision is affected in only one eye, where is the damage?
retina, or optic nerve
___ ___ refers to loss of sight in one eye due to damage to retina or optic nerve.
monocular blindness
___ ___ refers to loss of vision of both temporal fields due to lesion of __ __ __, and can be caused by a tumor in the __ __). Results in loss of __ vision.
bitemporal hemianopia, medial optic chiasm, pituitary gland
___ ___ refers to lesion of ___ ___, resulting in loss of vision in one ___ ___.
nasal hemianopia, lateral chiasm, nasal field
___ ___ refers to blindness of entire visual field due to a cut in: 1) __ __, 2) ___ or 3) __. Disturbance is present in both eyes.
homonymous hemianopia, optic tract, LGN, V1
___ ___ is due to more __ __ to the area, or ___ lesions.
macular sparing, vascular supply, cortical
Quadrantanopia occurs when the __ __ is damaged.
Calcarine Fissure
The ventral stream starts in ___ and ends in ___ visual areas.
V1, temporal
The dorsal stream starts in ___ and ends in ___ visual areas.
V1, parietal
___ is the inability to recognize objects or their pictorial representations.
agnosia
___ is the inability to name objects.
anomia
__ __ is any failure of object recognition in which basic visual functions are preserved
apperceptive agnosia
___ is the inability to recognize any previously known faces, often including own face in mirror
prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia is due to damage to __ __.
fusiform gyrus (bilateral and asymmetrical)
___ is the inability to read.
alexia
Alexia is due to damage to __ __ and __ areas.
left fusiform, lingual areas
___ ___ refers to topographical disorientation (cannot navigate around familiar environments).
visuospatial agnosia
Visuospatial agnosia is due to damage to __ __ region.
right occipitotemporal
The __ lobe integrates __ and __ info, in determining __ sense and __.
parietal, somatosensory, visual, spatial, navigation
BA 1-3 constitute the __ area.
primary somatosensory
BA 4 constitutes the __ cortex.
motor
BA __ plays a role in guiding movement, by providing info about limb position.
5
BA __ receives heavy somatosensory input from BA 1-3 and motor/premotor cortex. Also plays a role in movement.
7
BA 7+ visual areas control __ __ behaviors with respect to __ and __ info.
spatially guided, visual, tactile
The __ __ lobe is associated with recognition of somatic sensations and perceptions.
anterior parietal
The __ __ lobe is the primary zone for integrations of __ and __ inputs.
posterior parietal, visual, somatosensory
What is simultagnosia?
inability to perceive more than one object at the same time
__ __ is a dyskinesia with eye to hand movements or an inability to use VS info to guide arm movements.
optic ataxia
__ __ combines paralysis of visual fixation, optic ataxia, and impairment of visual fixation.
Balint’s Syndrome
Balint’s syndrome is a rare oculomotor disorder due to __ lesions of the __ and __ lobes.
bilateral, parietal, occipital
Contralateral neglect is most often seen after large areas of damage to the __ side __ lobe.
right, parietal
People with __ __ lesions have difficulty recognizing objects from unfamiliar viewpoints.
right parietal
Gerstmann Syndrome is characterized by what primary symptoms? Caused by damage where?
agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation, angular gyrus
__ is the inability to perceive motion.
akinetopsia
__ is the inability to execute purposeful movements in the absence of muscular disorders.
apraxia
__ is abnormal motor control and lack of muscle coordination.
ataxia
Damage to the posterior parietal cortex may cause a number of spatial disorders, including…
simultanagnosia, neglect, akinetopsia, apraxia, ataxia, optic ataxia
The __ __ separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes.
Sylvian (lateral) fissure
The __ cortex includes the amygdala, uncus, hippocampus, surrounding cortex and Fusiform gyrus
limbic
The __ is an anterior extension of the hippocampus.
uncus
The gustatory cortex and association cortex are located in the __.
insula
A __ __ projection goes from visual/auditory association areas to limbic regions (hippocampus = perforant pathway)
medial temporal
In frontal lobe projections, visual/auditory info goes to __ and __ __ cortex.
orbital, dorsolateral prefrontal
The superior temporal gyrus is involved in __.
audition
The inferior temporal cortex is involved in __.
vision
Amygdala + visual/auditory info: __.
emotions
Hippocampus + associated cortex: __ and __ memory.
spatial, object
Imaging studies reveal bilateral activation along the __ during perception of biological motion.
STS
Biological motion includes…
direction of eye gaze, head movement, mouth movement, facial expression, hand movement
Damage to left temporal lobe is associated with deficits in __ and __.
verbal memory, speech production
Damage to right temporal lobe is associated with deficits in __, __, and __.
nonverbal memory, music processing, face recognition
In __ __, words are very compressed or telegraphic in style; speech comprehension is usually good.
Broca’s aphasia
__ __ are often painfully aware that they are having language difficulties.
Broca’s aphasics
__ __ are unaware of their difficulty speaking.
Wernicke’s aphasics
Wernicke’s aphasia is characterized by __ and __.
neologisms, word salad
The three distinct functional zones of the frontal lobes are…
motor, premotor, prefrontal
Motor area of frontal lobe is associated with BA _.
4
Premotor area of frontal lobe is associated with BA _ and _.
6, 8
Prefrontal area of frontal lobe has three parts…
dorsolateral, inferior/orbital, medial
Dorsolateral prefrontal is BAs _ and _.
9, 46
Inferior/orbital prefrontal is BAs _ through _.
11-14
Medial prefrontal is BAs _ and _.
25, 32
The __ cortex is responsible for making movements or execution of individual movements.
motor
The __ cortex selects the movements to be executed.
premotor
The __ cortex controls cognitive process so the appropriate movements are selected at correct time and place.
prefrontal
Frontal lobe functions involve __ organization of behaviors.
temporal
Orbital frontal cortex includes at least 5 subregions, BA __ through __.
10-14
OFC medio-temporal cortical connection involved with recognition and memory are activated when __.
learning new visual info
OFC connections to amygdala and hypothalamus are activated in response to __.
unpleasant auditory stimuli
Persons with __ on __ __ lobe may perform poorly on a word fluency test.
astrocytoma, right frontal
BA __ involves new visual info being learned
11
Frontal lobe patients can show __ and __ __ _ __ on doodle task.
perseveration, lack of spontaneity
