LECTURE 4 - Cortical Functions

Question 1

What are the three types of cortical regions?

Answer 1

primary sensory, primary motor, association cortex

Question 2

What do association areas do?

Answer 2

combine info across sensory systems, play a role in conducting higher-order functions

Question 3

The cortex is functionally organized as a ___ ___network.

Answer 3

distributed hierarchical

Question 4

What happens in Layer IV?

Answer 4

input of sensory info

Question 5

Which Layers are afferent?

Answer 5

I through III, and IV

Question 6

Which Layers are efferent?

Answer 6

V and VI

Question 7

Layer IV has direct inputs to the ___.

Answer 7

thalamus

Question 8

Layers V and VI has outputs to the __.

Answer 8

primary motor cortex

Question 9

Are Layers I through IV biggest in the primary sensory, the association, or he primary motor cortex?

Answer 9

primary sensory cortex

Question 10

Are Layers V and VI biggest in the primary sensory, the association, or he primary motor cortex?

Answer 10

primary motor cortex

Question 11

70-85% of all cortical neurons are ___ cells, which are efferent projection neurons that send info from one region or cortex to another

Answer 11

pyramidal

Question 12

Pyramidal cells are found in which Layers?

Answer 12

II, III, V, VI

Question 13

Do larger cells send axon further?

Answer 13

yes (b/c of myelination)

Question 14

What are smaller, star-shaped spiny cells that mostly stay put?

Answer 14

stellate

Question 15

Layer I contains mainly __ neurons and __ neurons.

Answer 15

spiny, stellate

Question 16

Layer III is important because it has interspheric ___ afferents, and efferents.

Answer 16

corticocortical

Question 17

Layer IV deals with ___ afferents.

Answer 17

thalamocortical

Question 18

Layers V and VI are mostly in charge of the ___ efferents.

Answer 18

subcortical

Question 19

What do spiny neurons have that non-spiny neurons don’t?

Answer 19

dendrites

Question 20

Are stellate cells excitatory or inhibitory? What is an example of such a neurotransmitter?

Answer 20

excitatory, glutamate, aspartate, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Question 21

Do interneurons have dendritic spines?

Answer 21

no

Question 22

Are interneurons excitatory or inhibitory? What is an example of such a neurotransmitter?

Answer 22

inhibitory, GABA, glycine, dopamine

Question 23

Do interneurons all look the same?

Answer 23

no

Question 24

Which hemisphere specializes in producing/understanding language?

Answer 24

left

Question 25

Which hemisphere specializes in perceiving nonverbal info (music, facial expression)

Answer 25

right

Question 26

The hemispheres control movement on the __-lateral side of the body.

Answer 26

contralateral

Question 27

Which hemisphere is associated with analytical/sequential processing?

Answer 27

left

Question 28

Which hemisphere is associated with holistic/parallel processing?

Answer 28

right

Question 29

Which hemisphere has no speech but good auditory comprehension of language and some reading ability?

Answer 29

right

Question 30

Which hemisphere can recognize words (semantic processing) but cannot understand rules and sentence structure (syntactical processing)?

Answer 30

right

Question 31

What is the purpose of the WADA test?

Answer 31

To determine which side has speech, memory, and motor functions (mostly in epilepsy surgical candidates)

Question 32

What structure joins Broca's and Wernicke's areas?

Answer 32

arcuite fasilicus

Question 33

In the WADA test, ___ ___ is injected into the left ___ ___ to numb the ipsalateral hemisphere. Then same on the right.

Answer 33

sodium amobarbital, carotid artery

Question 34

Together, Heschl's gyrus, anterior and posterior temporal planes (STP) are sometimes called what?

Answer 34

planum temporale

Question 35

The __ __ is deeper in the left hemisphere..

Answer 35

Sylvian fissure

Question 36

The left hemisphere has one small __ __, while the right has two big ones.

Answer 36

Heschl's gyrus

Question 37

The planum temporale consists of what three structures?

Answer 37

Heschl's gyrus, anterior and posterior temporal planes (aSTP, pSTP)

Question 38

The __ __ is bigger in the left hemisphere.

Answer 38

planum temporale

Question 39

The right hemisphere is ___ than the left.

Answer 39

heavier

Question 40

One difference between left and right temporal lobes is that the ___ side is larger and heavier.

Answer 40

right

Question 41

One difference between left and right temporal lobes is that left is for __ and right is for __ functions.

Answer 41

language, music

Question 42

One difference between left and right temporal lobes is that the slope of ___ ___ is steeper on the right.

Answer 42

Lateral fissure

Question 43

One difference between the left and right temporal lobes is the organization of the __ ___.

Answer 43

Frontal Operculum

Question 44

One difference between the left and right temporal lobes is the distribution of __, depending on the structure.

Answer 44

neurotransmitters

Question 45

The ___ hemisphere extends farther anteriorly.

Answer 45

right

Question 46

Temporal lobes symmetries are highly affected by __ and __.

Answer 46

sex, handedness

Question 47

When two functions are selectively and independently affected, this is called what?

Answer 47

double dissociation

Question 48

After a left temporal lobectomy, __ scores would be lower.

Answer 48

verbal

Question 49

After a right temporal lobectomy, __ score would be lower.

Answer 49

performance

Question 50

In "split brain" patients, the __ __ is severed, so each hemisphere functions independently (no cross-talk btwn hemispheres).

Answer 50

corpus callosum

Question 51

When CC is severed, visual info in __ __ is processed in __ __, and vice versa.

Answer 51

left hemifield, right hemisphere

Question 52

What happens if a "blind sight" patient is asked to verbally identify an object presented to their right visual field? What about left?

Answer 52

they report object on right, object on left is not reported but can be recognized

Question 53

Chimeric stimuli in "split brain" studies show the importance of the __ hemisphere for __ __.

Answer 53

right, facial recognition

Question 54

In dichotic presentation, when asked to verbally report sounds heard, inputs in the __ ear have preferred access while inputs in the other ear are suppressed, b/c left hemisphere specializes in speaking.

Answer 54

right, left

Question 55

There is a left hand advantage for identifying ___, and a right hand advantage for identifying __.

Answer 55

shapes, letters

Question 56

Broca's area is located in the __ hemisphere, while Wernicke's area is in the __.

Answer 56

left, right

Question 57

__ to __% of the population are lefties.

Answer 57

10 to 30

Question 58

___ is possibly influenced by handedness, gender, environment, genes.

Answer 58

brain asymmetry

Question 59

What four factors could account for hand preference?

Answer 59

environment, anatomy, hormones, genes

Question 60

What tasks favor women?

Answer 60

calculation, verbal memory, object memory, fine motor skills, perception

Question 61

What tasks favor men?

Answer 61

math reasoning, form perception, mental rotation, target direction, visual imagery

Question 62

Castrating male rats/monkey resulted in ___, while increasing testosterone in female animals led to ___.

Answer 62

less aggression, more aggression

Question 63

What are anatomical sex differences favoring female brains?

Answer 63

larger language, larger medial paralimbic, larger lateral frontal, greater relative gray matter, more densely packed neurons in temporal lobe

Question 64

What are anatomical sex differences favoring male brains?

Answer 64

more neurons, and larger: medial frontal; cingulate; amygdala and hypothalamus; overall white matter; ventricles; right planum parietale