LECTURE 2 Flashcards
What are the five (uni)sensory systems?
visual, auditory, somatosensory, olfactory, gustatory
The two hemispheres are connected by the _____.
corpus callosum
What are the four lobes?
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
What is the cerebral cortex composed of?
sulci, gyri, fissures
The primary visual area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.
17
The visual association area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.
18, 19
The primary somatosensory area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.
1, 2, 3
The somatosensory association area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.
40
The primary auditory area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.
41, 42
The auditory association area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.
22
The primary motor area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.
4
The motor association area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.
6, 8, 9
The primary somatosensory areas is ___ to the central sulcus.
posterior
The primary motor areas is ___ to the central sulcus.
anterior
The central sulcus separates the ___ and ___.
motor cortex and somatosensory cortex
The sylvian fissure separates the ___ and ___.
?
The parieto-occipital sulcus separates the ___ and ___.
parietal lobe and occipital lobe [?]
The longitudinal fissure separates the ___ and ___.
left and right hemisphere
The calcarine fissure separates the ___ and ___.
upper and lower parts of the occipital lobe
What specialized parts of cells transduce sensory energy into neural activity?
sensory receptors
What are the four types of sensory receptors?
photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors
What is the sensory relay center of the brain?
thalamus
What does an EEG measure?
electrical activity emitted by the brain
What does an fMRI measure?
hemodynamic or BOLD response
What does a PET measure?
blood flow and oxygenation
What does an FNIRS measure?
light in the frontal lobe
What does behavioral/psychophysics measure?
accuracy and reaction time
What is the aqueous humor?
fluid in the front chamber of the eye that controls interocular pressure
What is the choroid?
light-absorbing layer of the eye, nourishes the eye
What is the cornea?
transparent tissue that covers the front of the eye, has nerves but no blood vessels
What is the iris?
band of muscles that controls pupil size, also the part that has pigmentation
What is the lens?
transparent tissue that bend light, to focus
What is the pupil?
hole that allows light to pass
What is the retina?
layer of tisue in back of eye, responsive to light
What are rods?
responsive in low light, monochromatic
What are cones?
responsive in bright conditions, color
What is the sclera?
Protect 5/6 of the eyeball
What is the vitreous humor?
clear transluscent watery substance in charge of maintaining the shape of the eyeball
What can we do to control the image that falls upon our retinas?
move our head, move our eyes
Involuntary ____ muscles can cause the lens to change its shape to control light
ciliary
What is the optic chiasm?
corrects the inverted image
What is myopia?
near-sightedness (a) eyeball is too long or (b) cornea is curved too much, and the focused image falls in front of the retina
What is hyperopia?
far-sightedness; the ability to see clearly from a distance but not up close b/c image falls behind the retina
Why does astigmatism occur?
b/c the cornea is not spherical
The eye is formed during embryonic development by a combination of head ectoderm and ___, the latter forming the retina.
neural tube tissue
What molecules are embedded in stacks of cell membranes in the distal portions of rods and cones?
photopigments
What do photopigments do?
absorb certain wavelengths of light
What is rhodopsin?
the visual pigment in rods; sensitive to blue-green light
What is opsin?
the visual pigment in cones; sensitive to either red (long), green (medium), or blue (short) light
Cones function in ___ light.
bright
Rods function in ___ light.
dim
What do we do when we want to read or inspect fine detail?
move our heads and eyes
The ___ is at the center of the macula, and contains only cones (no rods).
fovea
Visual info travels from ___ cells to ___ cells, whose axons exit the eyeball at the ___ and form the ___,
bipolar, ganglion, optic disc, optic nerve
What do frontal eye fields control?
voluntary eye movement
What does the pretectum control?
pupil size in response to light intensity
What does the pineal body control?
long-term circadian rhythms
What does the superior colliculus control?
head orientation to objects in peripheral fields
What does the visual cortex control?
perception of patterns, depth movement, color
What does the accessory optic nucleus control?
eye movement to compensate for head movement
What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus control?
daily rhythms in response to day-night cycles
What type of sensory receptor is used for hearing?
mechanoreceptors
Normal conversation is at __ decibels.
60
What are the properties of sound?
frequency (pitch), amplitude (loudness), and complexity (timbre)
First-order somatosensory neurons are between the __ and the ___.
receptor, spinal cord
Second-order somatosensory neurons are between the __ and the __.
spinal cord, thalamus
Third-order somatosensory neurons are where ___.
you can recognize what you just felt
What are three somatosensory submodalities?
nocioception (pain & temperature); hapsis (fine touch & pressure); and proprioception (body position awareness)
Where is Penfield’s Homonculus located?
motor cortex
Do different sensory stimuli evoke different responses?
yes (because wavelengths are different)
Motor control also requires __ (force), __ and __ (movements), motor neurons, and __ (accuracy).
basal ganglia, brain stem and spinal cord, cerebellum
In executing a voluntary movement, the ___ plans, the __ and __ organize sequences, then the __ executes actions.
prefrontal cortex, supplementary cortex and premotor cortex, primary motor cortex
What kind of muscles make voluntary movement possible?
skeletal
Which neurotransmitter plays a critical role in muscle contraction?
acetylcholine
What are the four major brain-spinal cord pathways?
corticospinal, corticobulbar, ventromedial, rubrospinal
What are the two corticospinal tracts?
lateral (limbs & digits), ventral (trunk & shoulders)
___ are specialized neurons in the spinal cord that project to ___.
interneurons, motor neurons
Motor neurons project to ___.
muscles
The corticobulbar tract leads to motor neurons in the ___, never past the ___.
brainstem, pons
Corticobulbar projections to the upper part of the face are ___, whereas the lower part of the face and mouth are ___.
bilateral, contralataeral
The ventromedial pathway originates from the ___ and terminates in __ muscles in the trunk, shoulders, and neck.
brainstem, proximal
The rubrospinal tract originates in the __ nucleus of the __, and projects to the __, including __.
red, midbrain, distal limbs, fingers
What is the primary function of the rubrospinal tract?
to guide movements of limbs independent of body/trunk movements
Interneurons and motor neurons are located in the __.
ventral horn
Acetylcholine is located in the ___.
neuromuscular junction
The balance between the __ and __ systems allow for smooth, coordinated movement. A disturbance in either will show up as movement disorder.
cerebellum, basal ganglia
The output of the cerebellum is __, while the output of the basal ganglia (or ‘brake system’) are __.
excitatory, inhibitory
___ symptoms include involuntary and exaggerated movements, caused by too much dopamine.
hyperkinetic
___ symptoms include inability to make movements, rigity, and tremors, caused by too little dopamine.
hypokinetic
Dopamine is manufactured in the __, which is part of the basal ganglia.
substantia nigra
The __ acquires and improves movement skill, play a vital role in movement coordination, and compares an intended movement with an actual movement and calculates any necessary corrections.
cerebellum
The basal ganglia are a collection of nuclei
in the forebrain that make connections
with ___ & ___.
motor cortex, midbrain
The caudate has reciprocal connections with the ___ and with the ___.
neocortex, substania nigra
