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SCAF midterm > LECTURE 2 > Flashcards

LECTURE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five (uni)sensory systems?

A

visual, auditory, somatosensory, olfactory, gustatory

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2
Q

The two hemispheres are connected by the _____.

A

corpus callosum

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3
Q

What are the four lobes?

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

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4
Q

What is the cerebral cortex composed of?

A

sulci, gyri, fissures

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5
Q

The primary visual area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

17

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6
Q

The visual association area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

18, 19

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7
Q

The primary somatosensory area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

1, 2, 3

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8
Q

The somatosensory association area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

40

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9
Q

The primary auditory area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

41, 42

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10
Q

The auditory association area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

22

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11
Q

The primary motor area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

4

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12
Q

The motor association area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

6, 8, 9

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13
Q

The primary somatosensory areas is ___ to the central sulcus.

A

posterior

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14
Q

The primary motor areas is ___ to the central sulcus.

A

anterior

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15
Q

The central sulcus separates the ___ and ___.

A

motor cortex and somatosensory cortex

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16
Q

The sylvian fissure separates the ___ and ___.

A

?

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17
Q

The parieto-occipital sulcus separates the ___ and ___.

A

parietal lobe and occipital lobe [?]

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18
Q

The longitudinal fissure separates the ___ and ___.

A

left and right hemisphere

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19
Q

The calcarine fissure separates the ___ and ___.

A

upper and lower parts of the occipital lobe

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20
Q

What specialized parts of cells transduce sensory energy into neural activity?

A

sensory receptors

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21
Q

What are the four types of sensory receptors?

A

photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors

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22
Q

What is the sensory relay center of the brain?

A

thalamus

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23
Q

What does an EEG measure?

A

electrical activity emitted by the brain

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24
Q

What does an fMRI measure?

A

hemodynamic or BOLD response

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25
Q

What does a PET measure?

A

blood flow and oxygenation

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26
Q

What does an FNIRS measure?

A

light in the frontal lobe

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27
Q

What does behavioral/psychophysics measure?

A

accuracy and reaction time

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28
Q

What is the aqueous humor?

A

fluid in the front chamber of the eye that controls interocular pressure

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29
Q

What is the choroid?

A

light-absorbing layer of the eye, nourishes the eye

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30
Q

What is the cornea?

A

transparent tissue that covers the front of the eye, has nerves but no blood vessels

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31
Q

What is the iris?

A

band of muscles that controls pupil size, also the part that has pigmentation

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32
Q

What is the lens?

A

transparent tissue that bend light, to focus

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33
Q

What is the pupil?

A

hole that allows light to pass

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34
Q

What is the retina?

A

layer of tisue in back of eye, responsive to light

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35
Q

What are rods?

A

responsive in low light, monochromatic

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36
Q

What are cones?

A

responsive in bright conditions, color

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37
Q

What is the sclera?

A

Protect 5/6 of the eyeball

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38
Q

What is the vitreous humor?

A

clear transluscent watery substance in charge of maintaining the shape of the eyeball

39
Q

What can we do to control the image that falls upon our retinas?

A

move our head, move our eyes

40
Q

Involuntary ____ muscles can cause the lens to change its shape to control light

A

ciliary

41
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

corrects the inverted image

42
Q

What is myopia?

A

near-sightedness (a) eyeball is too long or (b) cornea is curved too much, and the focused image falls in front of the retina

43
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

far-sightedness; the ability to see clearly from a distance but not up close b/c image falls behind the retina

44
Q

Why does astigmatism occur?

A

b/c the cornea is not spherical

45
Q

The eye is formed during embryonic development by a combination of head ectoderm and ___, the latter forming the retina.

A

neural tube tissue

46
Q

What molecules are embedded in stacks of cell membranes in the distal portions of rods and cones?

A

photopigments

47
Q

What do photopigments do?

A

absorb certain wavelengths of light

48
Q

What is rhodopsin?

A

the visual pigment in rods; sensitive to blue-green light

49
Q

What is opsin?

A

the visual pigment in cones; sensitive to either red (long), green (medium), or blue (short) light

50
Q

Cones function in ___ light.

A

bright

51
Q

Rods function in ___ light.

A

dim

52
Q

What do we do when we want to read or inspect fine detail?

A

move our heads and eyes

53
Q

The ___ is at the center of the macula, and contains only cones (no rods).

A

fovea

54
Q

Visual info travels from ___ cells to ___ cells, whose axons exit the eyeball at the ___ and form the ___,

A

bipolar, ganglion, optic disc, optic nerve

55
Q

What do frontal eye fields control?

A

voluntary eye movement

56
Q

What does the pretectum control?

A

pupil size in response to light intensity

57
Q

What does the pineal body control?

A

long-term circadian rhythms

58
Q

What does the superior colliculus control?

A

head orientation to objects in peripheral fields

59
Q

What does the visual cortex control?

A

perception of patterns, depth movement, color

60
Q

What does the accessory optic nucleus control?

A

eye movement to compensate for head movement

61
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus control?

A

daily rhythms in response to day-night cycles

62
Q

What type of sensory receptor is used for hearing?

A

mechanoreceptors

63
Q

Normal conversation is at __ decibels.

A

60

64
Q

What are the properties of sound?

A

frequency (pitch), amplitude (loudness), and complexity (timbre)

65
Q

First-order somatosensory neurons are between the __ and the ___.

A

receptor, spinal cord

66
Q

Second-order somatosensory neurons are between the __ and the __.

A

spinal cord, thalamus

67
Q

Third-order somatosensory neurons are where ___.

A

you can recognize what you just felt

68
Q

What are three somatosensory submodalities?

A

nocioception (pain & temperature); hapsis (fine touch & pressure); and proprioception (body position awareness)

69
Q

Where is Penfield’s Homonculus located?

A

motor cortex

70
Q

Do different sensory stimuli evoke different responses?

A

yes (because wavelengths are different)

71
Q

Motor control also requires __ (force), __ and __ (movements), motor neurons, and __ (accuracy).

A

basal ganglia, brain stem and spinal cord, cerebellum

72
Q

In executing a voluntary movement, the ___ plans, the __ and __ organize sequences, then the __ executes actions.

A

prefrontal cortex, supplementary cortex and premotor cortex, primary motor cortex

73
Q

What kind of muscles make voluntary movement possible?

A

skeletal

74
Q

Which neurotransmitter plays a critical role in muscle contraction?

A

acetylcholine

75
Q

What are the four major brain-spinal cord pathways?

A

corticospinal, corticobulbar, ventromedial, rubrospinal

76
Q

What are the two corticospinal tracts?

A

lateral (limbs & digits), ventral (trunk & shoulders)

77
Q

___ are specialized neurons in the spinal cord that project to ___.

A

interneurons, motor neurons

78
Q

Motor neurons project to ___.

A

muscles

79
Q

The corticobulbar tract leads to motor neurons in the ___, never past the ___.

A

brainstem, pons

80
Q

Corticobulbar projections to the upper part of the face are ___, whereas the lower part of the face and mouth are ___.

A

bilateral, contralataeral

81
Q

The ventromedial pathway originates from the ___ and terminates in __ muscles in the trunk, shoulders, and neck.

A

brainstem, proximal

82
Q

The rubrospinal tract originates in the __ nucleus of the __, and projects to the __, including __.

A

red, midbrain, distal limbs, fingers

83
Q

What is the primary function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

to guide movements of limbs independent of body/trunk movements

84
Q

Interneurons and motor neurons are located in the __.

A

ventral horn

85
Q

Acetylcholine is located in the ___.

A

neuromuscular junction

86
Q

The balance between the __ and __ systems allow for smooth, coordinated movement. A disturbance in either will show up as movement disorder.

A

cerebellum, basal ganglia

87
Q

The output of the cerebellum is __, while the output of the basal ganglia (or ‘brake system’) are __.

A

excitatory, inhibitory

88
Q

___ symptoms include involuntary and exaggerated movements, caused by too much dopamine.

A

hyperkinetic

89
Q

___ symptoms include inability to make movements, rigity, and tremors, caused by too little dopamine.

A

hypokinetic

90
Q

Dopamine is manufactured in the __, which is part of the basal ganglia.

A

substantia nigra

91
Q

The __ acquires and improves movement skill, play a vital role in movement coordination, and compares an intended movement with an actual movement and calculates any necessary corrections.

A

cerebellum

92
Q

The basal ganglia are a collection of nuclei
in the forebrain that make connections
with ___ & ___.

A

motor cortex, midbrain

93
Q

The caudate has reciprocal connections with the ___ and with the ___.

A

neocortex, substania nigra

SCAF midterm (22 decks)

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