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SCAF midterm > LECTURE 2 > Flashcards

LECTURE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five (uni)sensory systems?

A

visual, auditory, somatosensory, olfactory, gustatory

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2
Q

The two hemispheres are connected by the _____.

A

corpus callosum

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3
Q

What are the four lobes?

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

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4
Q

What is the cerebral cortex composed of?

A

sulci, gyri, fissures

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5
Q

The primary visual area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

17

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6
Q

The visual association area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

18, 19

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7
Q

The primary somatosensory area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

1, 2, 3

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8
Q

The somatosensory association area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

40

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9
Q

The primary auditory area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

41, 42

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10
Q

The auditory association area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

22

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11
Q

The primary motor area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

4

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12
Q

The motor association area is associated with Broadmann’s Area ___.

A

6, 8, 9

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13
Q

The primary somatosensory areas is ___ to the central sulcus.

A

posterior

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14
Q

The primary motor areas is ___ to the central sulcus.

A

anterior

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15
Q

The central sulcus separates the ___ and ___.

A

motor cortex and somatosensory cortex

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16
Q

The sylvian fissure separates the ___ and ___.

A

?

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17
Q

The parieto-occipital sulcus separates the ___ and ___.

A

parietal lobe and occipital lobe [?]

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18
Q

The longitudinal fissure separates the ___ and ___.

A

left and right hemisphere

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19
Q

The calcarine fissure separates the ___ and ___.

A

upper and lower parts of the occipital lobe

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20
Q

What specialized parts of cells transduce sensory energy into neural activity?

A

sensory receptors

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21
Q

What are the four types of sensory receptors?

A

photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors

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22
Q

What is the sensory relay center of the brain?

A

thalamus

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23
Q

What does an EEG measure?

A

electrical activity emitted by the brain

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24
Q

What does an fMRI measure?

A

hemodynamic or BOLD response

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25
What does a PET measure?
blood flow and oxygenation
26
What does an FNIRS measure?
light in the frontal lobe
27
What does behavioral/psychophysics measure?
accuracy and reaction time
28
What is the aqueous humor?
fluid in the front chamber of the eye that controls interocular pressure
29
What is the choroid?
light-absorbing layer of the eye, nourishes the eye
30
What is the cornea?
transparent tissue that covers the front of the eye, has nerves but no blood vessels
31
What is the iris?
band of muscles that controls pupil size, also the part that has pigmentation
32
What is the lens?
transparent tissue that bend light, to focus
33
What is the pupil?
hole that allows light to pass
34
What is the retina?
layer of tisue in back of eye, responsive to light
35
What are rods?
responsive in low light, monochromatic
36
What are cones?
responsive in bright conditions, color
37
What is the sclera?
Protect 5/6 of the eyeball
38
What is the vitreous humor?
clear transluscent watery substance in charge of maintaining the shape of the eyeball
39
What can we do to control the image that falls upon our retinas?
move our head, move our eyes
40
Involuntary ____ muscles can cause the lens to change its shape to control light
ciliary
41
What is the optic chiasm?
corrects the inverted image
42
What is myopia?
near-sightedness (a) eyeball is too long or (b) cornea is curved too much, and the focused image falls in front of the retina
43
What is hyperopia?
far-sightedness; the ability to see clearly from a distance but not up close b/c image falls behind the retina
44
Why does astigmatism occur?
b/c the cornea is not spherical
45
The eye is formed during embryonic development by a combination of head ectoderm and ___, the latter forming the retina.
neural tube tissue
46
What molecules are embedded in stacks of cell membranes in the distal portions of rods and cones?
photopigments
47
What do photopigments do?
absorb certain wavelengths of light
48
What is rhodopsin?
the visual pigment in rods; sensitive to blue-green light
49
What is opsin?
the visual pigment in cones; sensitive to either red (long), green (medium), or blue (short) light
50
Cones function in ___ light.
bright
51
Rods function in ___ light.
dim
52
What do we do when we want to read or inspect fine detail?
move our heads and eyes
53
The ___ is at the center of the macula, and contains only cones (no rods).
fovea
54
Visual info travels from ___ cells to ___ cells, whose axons exit the eyeball at the ___ and form the ___,
bipolar, ganglion, optic disc, optic nerve
55
What do frontal eye fields control?
voluntary eye movement
56
What does the pretectum control?
pupil size in response to light intensity
57
What does the pineal body control?
long-term circadian rhythms
58
What does the superior colliculus control?
head orientation to objects in peripheral fields
59
What does the visual cortex control?
perception of patterns, depth movement, color
60
What does the accessory optic nucleus control?
eye movement to compensate for head movement
61
What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus control?
daily rhythms in response to day-night cycles
62
What type of sensory receptor is used for hearing?
mechanoreceptors
63
Normal conversation is at __ decibels.
60
64
What are the properties of sound?
frequency (pitch), amplitude (loudness), and complexity (timbre)
65
First-order somatosensory neurons are between the __ and the ___.
receptor, spinal cord
66
Second-order somatosensory neurons are between the __ and the __.
spinal cord, thalamus
67
Third-order somatosensory neurons are where ___.
you can recognize what you just felt
68
What are three somatosensory submodalities?
nocioception (pain & temperature); hapsis (fine touch & pressure); and proprioception (body position awareness)
69
Where is Penfield's Homonculus located?
motor cortex
70
Do different sensory stimuli evoke different responses?
yes (because wavelengths are different)
71
Motor control also requires __ (force), __ and __ (movements), motor neurons, and __ (accuracy).
basal ganglia, brain stem and spinal cord, cerebellum
72
In executing a voluntary movement, the ___ plans, the __ and __ organize sequences, then the __ executes actions.
prefrontal cortex, supplementary cortex and premotor cortex, primary motor cortex
73
What kind of muscles make voluntary movement possible?
skeletal
74
Which neurotransmitter plays a critical role in muscle contraction?
acetylcholine
75
What are the four major brain-spinal cord pathways?
corticospinal, corticobulbar, ventromedial, rubrospinal
76
What are the two corticospinal tracts?
lateral (limbs & digits), ventral (trunk & shoulders)
77
___ are specialized neurons in the spinal cord that project to ___.
interneurons, motor neurons
78
Motor neurons project to ___.
muscles
79
The corticobulbar tract leads to motor neurons in the ___, never past the ___.
brainstem, pons
80
Corticobulbar projections to the upper part of the face are ___, whereas the lower part of the face and mouth are ___.
bilateral, contralataeral
81
The ventromedial pathway originates from the ___ and terminates in __ muscles in the trunk, shoulders, and neck.
brainstem, proximal
82
The rubrospinal tract originates in the __ nucleus of the __, and projects to the __, including __.
red, midbrain, distal limbs, fingers
83
What is the primary function of the rubrospinal tract?
to guide movements of limbs independent of body/trunk movements
84
Interneurons and motor neurons are located in the __.
ventral horn
85
Acetylcholine is located in the ___.
neuromuscular junction
86
The balance between the __ and __ systems allow for smooth, coordinated movement. A disturbance in either will show up as movement disorder.
cerebellum, basal ganglia
87
The output of the cerebellum is __, while the output of the basal ganglia (or 'brake system') are __.
excitatory, inhibitory
88
___ symptoms include involuntary and exaggerated movements, caused by too much dopamine.
hyperkinetic
89
___ symptoms include inability to make movements, rigity, and tremors, caused by too little dopamine.
hypokinetic
90
Dopamine is manufactured in the __, which is part of the basal ganglia.
substantia nigra
91
The __ acquires and improves movement skill, play a vital role in movement coordination, and compares an intended movement with an actual movement and calculates any necessary corrections.
cerebellum
92
The basal ganglia are a collection of nuclei in the forebrain that make connections with ___ & ___.
motor cortex, midbrain
93
The caudate has reciprocal connections with the ___ and with the ___.
neocortex, substania nigra

SCAF midterm (22 decks)

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