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SCAF midterm > LECTURE 3 > Flashcards

LECTURE 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does AFFERENT vs. EFFERENT mean? [hint: think E as in exit]

A

afferent receptor neurons send impulses TOWARD CNS, efferent AWAY from CNS

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2
Q

What are the five sensory systems?

A

visual, auditory, somatosensory, olfactory, gustatory

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3
Q

What is early processing?

A

responses to BASIC sensory stimuli

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4
Q

What is late processing?

A

more COMPLEX perceptual or cognitive processes (e.g., illusions or mis-match negativity)

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5
Q

Multisensory info is processed in a PARALLEL manner. What is SERIAL vs. PARALLEL processing?

A

when info is processed one after another vs. simultaneously gathered in the brain in parallel manner then integrated

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6
Q

What is the basic argument from multisensory researchers?

A

our senses efficiently process info from various sensory channels in a concerted manner

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7
Q

early MSI researchers (Stein & Meredith) used ___ to study the integration of auditory, visual and somatosensory evoked responses in the ___ of anesthetized cats.

A

depth electrodes, superior colliculus

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8
Q

What are depth electrodes used for?

A

to attain-cell recordings

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9
Q

The superior colliculus is a midbrain structure, located superior to the ___ and inferior to the ___. .

A

brainstem, thalamus

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10
Q

The superior colliculus contains ___ layers of alternating gray and white matter.

A

7

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11
Q

Inputs from the sensory systems terminate in the deeper layers of the ___ where unisensory info ___.

A

superior colliculus, converges

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12
Q

SC receives ___ and ___ inputs in its superficial layers (I-III).

A

visual, auditory

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13
Q

The deeper layers (IV-VII) of the SC are involved in ___ and ___ to various stimuli (e.g., head gaze).

A

attending, orienting

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14
Q

SC contains a high proportion of ___ neurons which are responsible for ___.

A

multisensory, a 2-D mapping of the world

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15
Q

Multisensory neurons in the SC play a direct role in the ___ control of ___ behaviors of the eyes, ears, and head towards various stimuli.

A

motor, orientation

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16
Q

The SC is specialized for ___ and subsequent ___.

A

stimulus detection, gaze-orienting

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17
Q

Neural responses elicited from two or more concurrent sensory inputs causes a change in a cell’s responsiveness (i.e., excitation) that is either ___ or ___ than the ___ of responses to the unisensory inputs.

A

less, greater, sum

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18
Q

Certain stimulus properties highly affect ___ of multisensory inputs.

A

integration

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19
Q

What are the three basic “rules” that govern MSI?

A

temporal, inverse-effectiveness, spatial

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20
Q

Which rule states that integration of multisensory inputs in SC is greatest for inputs presented simultaneously?

A

temporal rule

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21
Q

Which rule states that the strength of the multisensory responses is inversely related to the magnitude of the unisensory inputs?

A

inverse-effectiveness rule

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22
Q

Which rule states that multisensory effects become greater as the detectability of the unisensory inputs decrease?

A

inverse-effectiveness rule

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23
Q

Which rule states that MSI is greatest when stimuli are presented to the same spatial location?

A

spatial rule

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24
Q

What are commonly studied multisensory areas?

A

STS, temporoparietal cortex, intraparietal areas, premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex

25
Q

What are various methods for the study of MSI?

A

PET, MRI & fMRI, MEG, EEG, psychophysics

26
Q

Which imaging methods have better spatial resolution?

A

MRI & fMRI, PET?

27
Q

Which imaging methods have better temporal resolution?

A

EEG, MEG?

28
Q

What are the three different neural projection circuit models?

A

feed-forward (IV to others), feedback (others to IV), lateral (all layers at same time)

29
Q

Initial cortical responses occur predominantly in lamina __.

A

4

30
Q

What is a redundant signals effect (RSE)?

A

when 2 sources of info are presented at same time they offer redundant signals; this redundancy gives rise to faster detection responses

31
Q

This kind of RSE model assumes that the signal that is processed the fastest is the signal that produces the response (i.e., “wins”).

A

race models

32
Q

This kind of RSE model assumes that the faster RT is due to interactions that allow signals from redundant sources to combine.

A

coactivation models

33
Q

___ models are supported when RTs to multisensory stimuli are faster than predicted by ___ models.

A

coactivation, race

34
Q

What effect will averaging event-locked segments have?

A

Anything (e.g., noise, jittered ERPs) not precisely time-locked to the event will be flattened out, and precisely event-locked ERPs will be preserved

35
Q

What are some VEP components used as dependent measures to characterize MSI effects?

A

P1, N1, P2, N2, P300

36
Q

Human ___ studies show that multisensory interactions are often found within the first ___ ms post-stimulation.

A

ERP, 100

37
Q

The objective of Jeanette’s doctoral research was to determine the impact of ___ of different sensory inputs on ___ in the brain, to test the so-called ___ rule set forth by Stein & Meredith.

A

spatial alignment, MSI, spatial rule

38
Q

What was the design of Jeanette’s doctoral experiment?

A

visual alone, somatosensory alone, simultaneous visual and somatosensory (spatially congruent and incongruent)

39
Q

What apparatuses were used in Jeanette’s doctoral experiment?

A

LED (on index finger), tactile stimulator (on thumb)

40
Q

What was the analytic strategy Jeanette used in her doctoral experiment?

A

compare sum of ERPs to V and S with ERPs to paired VS [(V+S)-VS]; any difference implies MSI.

41
Q

In Jeanette’s experiment, how many stimulus conditions? How many trials per condition?

A

8, 600

42
Q

What was the ISI in Jeanette’s experiment?

A

inter-stimulus interval was 1 to 3 seconds

43
Q

In Jeanette’s experiment, ___-density ___ recordings were collected from ___ channels to obtain ___.

A

high, EEG, 168, ERPs

44
Q

What were the behavioral results of Jeanette’s experiment?

A

RTs to all MS events were faster than predicted by race model, and faster than any unisensory condition, regardless of spatial alignment.

45
Q

What were the Regions of Interest in Jeanette’s experiment?

A

left and right central, left and right occipital

46
Q

In Jeanette’s experiment, there was a main effect for ___ for Soma P1 50-70 ms, demonstrating clear effects of ___.

A

VS integration (post-hoc) 90-110 ms, alignment

47
Q

A conclusion from Jeanette’s experiment is that the first stage of multisensory __ integration occurs regardless of __, whereas __ affects the second stage.

A

VS, spatial alignment, spatial alignment

48
Q

The results of Jeanette’s experiment are consistent with what model?

A

a two-stage Time-Window-of-Integration (TWIN) model

49
Q

What is the McGurk Effect?

A

a higher-order MS illusion showing that visual overrides auditory info

50
Q

There are a limited number of studies conducted on MSI in ___, most of which examine ___ interactions.

A

aging, AV

51
Q

It is important to study somatosensory info in aging because __ may be related to __, __, and __.

A

VSI, loss of mobility, disability, falls

52
Q

Results from aging study:

  • all Ps had faster RTs to all __ stimuli compared to __
  • RT facilitation was greater in MS conditions containing ___ stimulation
  • older adults had had greater RT facilitation than younger adults in the multisensory ___ condition
A
  • MS, unisensory
  • somatosensory (AS and VS)
  • VS
53
Q

MSI research investigates the complexities of processing ___ sensory info.

A

simultaneously presented

54
Q

MS researchers argue that our senses are ___ to efficiently process info from various sensory channels in a ___ manner.

A

designed, concerted

55
Q

Efficient MS processing enhances the probability that objects and events will be __ rapidly, __ correctly, and __ appropriately.

A

detected, identified, responded to

56
Q

V and S impairments have separately been linked to __, __, __, and __.

A

slower gait, functional decline, increased risks of falls, and worse QoL

57
Q

MSI aging researchers speculate that increased MSI effects are due to __ in __ during the aging process.

A

basic degenerative changes, neuronal architecture

58
Q

MSI in older adults might be a __ process used to overcome age-related declines in __ processing.

A

compensatory, unisensory

SCAF midterm (22 decks)

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