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PSYC 2400 > Lecture 5 part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Police interviews

A
  • Primary goal to extract a complete and accurate report from a witness
  • Problems interrupting witness
  • problems using short, specific questioning
  • Problem with questions being asked in predetermined order
  • Problem with suggestive/leading questions
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2
Q

Specific interviewing strategies

A
  • Cognitive interview/enhanced cognitive interview

- Structured interviews

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3
Q

Cognitive interview

A

Based on 4 memory retrieval techniques:

  • Reinstating context
  • Reporting everything
  • Reversing order
  • Changing perspective (camera’s review)
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4
Q

Enhanced cognitive interview

A
  • Rapport building
  • Supportive interviewer behaviour
  • Transfer of control, witness controls the flow
  • Focused retrieval, open ended questions
  • Witness-compatible questions, match questions to what witness is talking about
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5
Q

Benefits of using structured interviews

A
  • User friendly
  • Flexible
  • More effective
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6
Q

Hypnosis

A
  • Used when witnesses are unable to recall many details
  • Assumption that hypnosis allows witness to recall more details that are otherwise inaccessible
    2 techniques:
  • Age regression (go back in time)
  • Television (watching event on TV)
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7
Q

Recall of perpetrator

A

Criminal descriptors

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8
Q

What information do witnesses provide for looks

A
  • General, vague
  • Limited in detail
  • Average 7.35 descriptors (lab studies), 3.5 real life
  • Tend to be accurate depending on the information
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9
Q

Recall abilities: age

A
  • Quantity of descriptors tend to increase with age, decrease with seniors
  • Young adults provide most information
  • No difference in accuracy reported
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10
Q

Recognition memory: lineup identification

A
  • Witness views a group of suspects to determine whether one is the perpetrator
  • Helps reduce uncertainty of whether a suspect is perpetrator beyond description provided
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11
Q

Perpetrator

A

Guilty person who committed crime

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12
Q

Suspect

A

Person police thinks committed the crime

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13
Q

Distractors/foils/fillers

A
  • Put in lineup but known to be innocent

- Similar to suspect and match description

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14
Q

Target present lineups

A

Contains guilty perpetrator

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15
Q

Target absent lineups

A

Does not contain guilty perpetrator but instead includes an innocent suspect

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16
Q

Decisions in lineups

A 
Target present lineup:
- Correct identification
- Foil identification
- False rejection
Target absent lineup:
- Correct rejection
- Foil identification
- False identification
17
Q

Foil identification

A

Known error to police

18
Q

False rejection

A
  • Unknown error to police

- Guilty suspect could go free

19
Q

False identification

A
  • Unknown error to police
  • Innocent suspect could be convicted
  • Guilty suspect remains at large
20
Q

Lineup procedures: simultaneous

A
  • All lineup photos shown at same time

- Relative judgement, compare lineup members to each other and choose person most closely related to perpetrator

21
Q

Lineup procedures: sequential

A
  • Each lineup member presented separately
  • Says guilty or not after each photograph
  • Absolute judgement, compares each member to memory
22
Q

Foil bias

A

Suspect is only lineup member that matches description of perpetrator

23
Q

Clothing bias

A

Suspect is only lineup member that is wearing clothing similar to clothing perpetrator was wearing

24
Q

Instruction bias

A

Police fail to mention that perpetrator may or may not be present in the lineup

25
Q

Show ups precedure

A
  • Not a lineup
  • Shows one photo to witness
  • Sometimes used when suspect apprehended at or near the crime scene
    Issues:
  • Inherently biased
  • Witness knows who the suspect is
  • Increases eyewitness confidence
  • Suspect may look guilty (handcuffs, in police car)
26
Q

Brenton Butler

A
  • Couple accosted outside their hotel
  • Wife fatally shot, killer fled
  • During investigation, Brenton Butler picked up by police
  • Butler brought to husband at scene of crime in police car and identified as killer
  • Example of Show up issue
27
Q

Age and eyewitness accuracy

A
  • Young adults more accurate than children and older adults
  • Older adults less likely to make correct identification and more likely to make false identification
  • Improves with age until mid adolescence
28
Q

Child friendly lineup procedure

A
  • Wildcard lineup

- Elimination lineup

29
Q

Wildcard lineup

A
  • Similar to simultaneous procedure
  • rejection option (silhouette with question mark)
  • Reduces likelihood of making false identification
30
Q

Elimination lineup

A
  • First what looks most like criminal
  • Take out every other picture after decision
  • Is that person accurate to memory
  • Reduces likelihood of making false identification
31
Q

Cross-race effect

A
  • 1.56x more likely to misidentify member of different race

- Possibly from attitudes, interracial contact, and physiognomic homogeneity (less variability in some race faces)

32
Q

Weapon focus effect

A
  • Focuses on weapon instead of perpetrator
  • Going to remember less about a crime when a weapon is presented
  • Possibly from cue-utilization hypothesis and unusualness of seeing a weapon
33
Q

Cue-utilization hypothesis

A

Emotional arousal increases, attention capacity decreases

34
Q

Policy guidlines

A
  • Blind administration (detective not know who suspect is)
  • Explicitly state perpetrator may or may not be present
  • Suspect should not stand out from other members
  • Clear statements should be taken from eyewitness
  • Procedure should be recorded
  • Importance of clearing innocent suspects
  • Sequential procedure
  • Officers should not discuss identification decision with eyewitness

PSYC 2400 (18 decks)

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