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PSYC 2400 > Lecture 3 part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of deception detection process

A
  • Appropriate attention must be given to relevant cues
  • Relevant cues may be interpreted as a sign of deceit
  • Errors can occur at each stage (Othello error, Brokhaw hazard)
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2
Q

Othello error

A
  • Truthful but appears to be lying

- looks anxious or nervous

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3
Q

Brokhaw hazard

A
  • Idiosyncrasies misinterpreted as deceit

- Something seems off about the person

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4
Q

Polygraph technique

A
  • Based on belief that deception is related to physiological change
  • Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, sweating
  • Helps in criminal investigation
  • Verify a crime has occurred
  • Monitoring sexual offenders on probation
  • Pre-employment screening for security agencies and police
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5
Q

Types polygraph tests

A
  • Comparison question test (CQT)

- Concealed information test (CIT) (aka guilty information test)

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6
Q

Comparison question test (CQT)

A
  • Irrelevant questions
  • Relevant questions
  • Comparison
  • Compares physiological responses between relevant and comparison questions
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7
Q

Phases of comparison question test (CQT)

A
  • Pre-test interview
  • Polygraph exam
  • Scoring
  • Post-test interview
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8
Q

Comparison question test assumptions

A
  • Assumes guilty people react more to relevant questions and innocent people react more to comparison questions
  • Suspect falsely accused of a crime might react more strongly to questions about the crime than to vague questions concerning past behaviour
  • Guilty suspects may not react as strongly to relevant questions if they have been repeatedly exposed to those questions
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9
Q

Concealed Knowledge test

A
  • Assumes suspect has information that only the criminal would know
  • Asks multiple choice questions
  • Assumes if suspect guilty they will react strongly to correct answers
  • Rarely used in Canada and USA
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10
Q

Validity of polygraph studies

A
  • Laboratory studies (ground truth known, limited application to real-life situations)
  • Field studies (real-life situations and actual suspects, ground truths not known)
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11
Q

Accuracy of comparison question test

A
  • Majority of suspects correctly identified
  • ~90% guilty correctly identified
  • ~15% not guilty falsely identified
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12
Q

Accuracy of concealed knowledge test

A
  • Very accurate
  • 95% correctly identify innocent
  • ~80% correctly identify guilty
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13
Q

Countermeasures of polygraph test

A
  • Both physical and psychological can dramatically reduce effectiveness
  • Some drugs can have an impact
  • Personality
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14
Q

Admissibility of polygraph

A
  • Did not pass general acceptance test when first admitted as evidence in court
  • Not admissible into evidence in Canadian courts
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15
Q

Brain-based deception research

A
  • Event-related brain potentials (ERP), electrodes measure brain activity in response to significant stimulus (>P300)
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), measures differences in brain activity between honest and deceptive
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16
Q

Verbal cues for detecting deception

A
  • Higher voice pitch
  • Increased speech disturbance
  • Slower speech
  • Pattern on verbal clues may depend on cognitive complexity of lie
17
Q

Verbal cues that indicate being honest

A
  • Make corrections in account

- Admit to lack of memory

18
Q

Verbal cues that indicate being deceptive

A
  • Little detail
  • Less compelling accounts
  • More nervous and tense
19
Q

Malingering

A
  • Psychological or physical symptoms are voluntary

- External motivations for production of symptoms (mental illness to avoid criminal punishment or for drugs)

20
Q

Defensiveness

A
  • Refers to conscious denial or minimization of physical or psychological symptoms
  • Might want to appear high functioning
  • May not want to admit certain things
21
Q

Explanations of malingering

A
  • Pathogenic model
  • Criminological model
  • Adaptational model
22
Q

Pathogenic model

A
  • Assumes malingering results from underlying mental disorder
  • Patient attempts to gain control over their pathology by creating fictitious symptoms
  • Little empirical support
23
Q

Criminological model

A
  • Malingering in forensic assessments suspected due to antisocial personality disorder (APD), lack of cooperation during assessment, or discrepancy between self and others reports
  • Research does not support association between APD or cooperation and malingering
24
Q

Adaptional model

A
  • Asserts malingering is likely to occur when a perceived adversarial context is present, personal stakes are high, or no other viable alternatives are perceived
  • Research findings support this model
25
Q

How to study malingering

A
  • Case studies
  • Simulation
  • Known groups
26
Q

Case studies to study malingering

A
  • Useful for generating wide variety of hypotheses

- Only way to study rare syndromes

27
Q

Simulations to study malingering

A
  • Most frequently used
  • Participants told to malinger specific disorder and compared to control group and clinical comparison group
  • High experimental rigour
  • Limited generalizability to real world
28
Q

Known-groups design to study malingering

A
  • Involves establishing criterion groups and analysis of similarities and differences between criterion group
  • Good generalizability to real-world settings
  • Problems classifying criterion groups
29
Q

Detecting malingered psychosis

A

Clues regarding symptoms:

  • Report rare, atypical symptoms
  • Report atypical delusions or hallucinations
  • Absence of subtle symptoms
  • continuous hallucinations rather than intermittent
30
Q

SIRS assessments for malingered psychosis

A
  • Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms
  • Uses structured interview
  • 172 items organized into 8 scale
  • Research indicates good validity
31
Q

MMPI assessments for malingered psychosis

A
  • Self-reported personality inventories
  • Contains scales such as infrequency (F) scale and back F (Fb) scale selected to detect unusual or atypical symptoms
  • Research indicates these scales are the most useful at detecting malingerers

PSYC 2400 (18 decks)

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