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Medical Emergencies Dental > Lecture 5 Part 1 Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Part 1 Exam 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What size O2 tank is recommended for a dental office?

A

Size E- 30 mintinues of oxygen

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1
Q

What are the parts of a O2 tank?

A

Regulator
Flow meter
Oxygen outlet
Cylinder
Reducing valve

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2
Q

What is syncope?

A

sudden, transient loss of consciousness and then quick recovery

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3
Q

Syncope is often associated with?

A

other underlying condition, stressful condition

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4
Q

Who is more susceptible for syncope?

A

Common medical problems affecting all ages, children, pregnant mothers and elderly

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5
Q

What are the signs of syncope in children?

A
  • Missed meal
  • Heat
  • Dehydration
  • Crying
  • Exertional activity
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6
Q

What are the signs of syncope in elderly?

A

Postural changes
Defecation
Coughing
orthostatic hypotension
Medications
Disease: CHD,HF, diabetes, renal insufficeny,COPD

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7
Q

What is the most common medical emergency in the dental office and when does it occur?

A
  • Syncope
  • Occurs during administration of local anesthetics
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8
Q

What are the different types of syncope?

A
  • Cardiac Synscope- inadequate cardac output
  • Noncardiac syncope-seizures, orthostatic hypotension,stitualtional occurence, hyperventilation, Metabolic disease
  • Neurocardiac syncope-vasodepressors
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9
Q

What is neurocardiac snycope?

Maybe more on test

A
  • Activation of the autonomic nervous system
  • fight or flight response
  • Releases catecholemines, epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Blood can pool in extremities with no movement
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10
Q

What is the etiologies of cardiac syncope

on test

A

Arrhythmic
Obstructive

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11
Q

What is the etiologies of Noncardiac syncope

on test

A

Seizures
Orthostatic Hypotension
Situational occurrences
Hyperventilation
Metabolic disease

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12
Q

What is the etiologies of Neurocardiac/Vasodepressor syncope

on test

A
  • Noxious stimuli
  • Activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
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13
Q

What is the signs and sympotoms of presyncope?

A
  • Pallor
  • Pupil dilation
  • Diaphoresis
  • Excitation of piloerector muscles
  • Weakness, dizziness, vertigo
  • Nausea
  • Yawning or sighing
  • Visions changes
  • Increased BP
  • Shortness of breath
  • Heart palpitations
  • Chest pain
  • Slow onset
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14
Q

What are the vision changes in presyncope?

A

Darkening
Blurring
Seeing Spots

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15
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of syncipe ?

A

Unconsciousness
Weak
Slow pulse

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16
Q

What is the treatment of syncope?

A
  • Remove objects from oral cavity
  • Position Supine with feet elevated
  • open airway
  • assess circualtion
  • loosen tight clothing
  • o2
  • VS
  • Do not use ammonia inhalant
  • call EMS
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17
Q

What is shock?

A

condition produced when the cardio-vascular pulmonary system fails to deliver enough oxygenated blood to body tissues to support metabolic needs

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18
Q

What are the stages of shock ?

A

Initial
Compensatory
Progressive
Refractory

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19
Q

Describe the first stage of shock

A
  • Cells deprived of oxygen
  • Inhibits ability to produce energy
  • Cells not functioning properly
  • Impacts body systems
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20
Q

Describe the second stage of shock

A

Compensatory- body performs physiological adaptations in an attempt to overcome shock
* increased respiration
* increased BP
* Reduced blood supply to peripheral organs

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21
Q

Describe the third stage of shock

A

Progressive- compensatory mechanisms begin to fail.
* If the problem causing shock is not treated, condition will worsen
* vital organs compromised and not functioning appropriately

22
Q

Describe the fourth stage of shock

A

Refractory - failur of vital organs
* Irreversible
* Cell death and brain damage have occured
* Death will occur in a few hours

23
Q

What are the types of shock ?

A
  • Hypovolemic shock
  • Cardiogenic
  • Distributive: anaphylactic, septic, neurogenic
  • Obstructive
24
Q

What is Hypovolemic Shock?

A

**Most common Form **

  • Caused by inadequate venous return
25
Q

What is the cause of hypovolemic shock?

A

Hemorrhage or dehydration (vomiting or diarrhea)

26
Q

Hypovolemic Shock initial symptoms are?

A

Increased heart rate
Rapid, thready pulse
Cool skin
Reduced urine output
Confusion

27
Q

What is the treatment of hypovolemic shock?

A

Arrest cause of hemorrhage or dehydration
supine position
contact ems
CABS of CPR
Monitor Vitals signs
Administer oxygen
Needs IV fluids to restore blood volume

28
Q

What is Cardiogenic shock

A
  • Reductuon in perfusion due to decreased cardiac output
29
Q

What is the etiologies of cardiogenic shock?

A

MI
Cardiac arrhythmias
Cardiac dysfunction

30
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cardiogenic shock?

A
  • Reduction in BP with systolic below 90
  • Fast, weak pulse
  • Cold, clammy skin
  • Cynanosis
  • Nonspecific chest pain
  • shortness of breath
  • Reduced urine output and confusion
31
Q

What is the treatment for Cardiogenic shock ?

A

Similar to heart attack
- supine positon
- contact ems
- CABS of CPR
- Monitor VS
- Oxygen
- Needs IV fluids
- Cardiac medications needed

32
Q

What is distributive shock?

A

vasogenic shock: Anaphylactic, Septic and neurogenic

33
Q

What is anaphylatic shock ?

A

Sudden, massive vasodilation and circulatory collapse after exposure to allergen

34
Q

What is septic shock?

A
  • vasodilatory shock
  • bacteria invade bloodstream
35
Q

What are the signs of septic shock?

A

Fever
Increase cardiac output
tissue edema
Pink warm skin
restlessness
tachycardia
thirst
eventual respiratory failure

36
Q

What can septic shock cause

A

Microthrombi formation- small bloodclots

37
Q

What is Neurogenic Shock?

A
  • Loss of sympathetic nerve
  • Because of emotional trauma, disease, drug or traumatic injury to brain or spinal cord
38
Q

Loss of sympathetic nerve activity causes?

A

Peripheral dialtion leading to reduction of venous, which decreases cardiac output with low blood pressure

39
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of neurogenic shock?

A
  • Hypotension
  • Bradycardia
  • Brain and Kidneys at risk of failure
40
Q

What are the treatment for neurogenic shock?

A

Positon supine
Contact EMS
CABs of CPR
Monitor vital signs
Administer o2
needs drug therapy

41
Q

What is obstructive Shock?

A

Results from indirect heart pump failure
leads to decrease cardiac function and reduce circulation

42
Q

What are the causes of Obstructive shock

A
  • Arterial stenosis
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Cardiac tamponade
43
Q

What are the signs of obstructive shock?

A

Hypotension- low BP
Dyspnea- shortness of breath

44
Q

What is the treatment of Obstructive shock

A

Position supine
contact ems
CABS of CPR
Monitor vital signs
Oxygen
Needs IV Fluids
Surgical intervention

45
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

Rapid, deep breathin
Respiration: 22 and 40 respirations

46
Q

Hyperventilation is more common in who?

A

Females age 30-40

47
Q

When is hyperventilations most commonly occured?

A

High altitude
Pregnant
Takes CNS stimulants
Asprin toxicity
Extremely anxious

48
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hyperventilation?

A

Abnormal prolonged rapid and deep respirations
Decrease in carbon dioxide
Impairment vision
seizures
twitching muscles (tetany)
Numbness of extremities

49
Q

What does progressive hyperventilation cause?

A

Hypocalcemia

50
Q

What does hyperventilation mimic?

A

Pulmonary embolism

51
Q

What is the treatment for Hyperventilation?

A

Place PT in the positon of their choice
Loosen tight clothing in neck region
Work with patient to control rate of respirations
Monitor vital signs
Can give benzodiazepine/lorazepam

52
Q

What should you not do when a patient is experiencing hyperventilation ?

A

Do not use a paper bag, due to cardiac arrest
Oxygen should not be administered

Medical Emergencies Dental (16 decks)

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