Lecture 5 Flashcards
Zajonc’s (1968) study after mere exposure effect: participants were presented with Chinese characters and Turkish nonsense words for two seconds on a screen and were asked if they were positive or negative. The same goes for pictures of people.
Results: high-frequence exposure resulted in more positive feelings
Study by Staats and Staats to demonstrate supraliminal classical conditioning: the word Netherlands appeared with a positive word, and the word Sweden with a negative word. Afterwards the participants were asked how pleasant the nationalities were.
Results: the nationality that was paired with the positive words were deemed more favourable.
Study by Krosnick et al. (1992) on supliminal classical conditioning: participants were presented with target picture that had a positive or negative picture flashed 13/1000 of a second. Then they were asked how much they liked the person/picture.
Results: negative primes resulted in less liking of the target than positive primes
Study by Strack et al (1988) on facial feedback and self-perception theory: skills of people to perform certain tass with bodyparts they typically do not use for it. Lastly, they had to evaluate cartoons.
Results: participants that clenched a pen between the theeth rated the cartoons as funnier than those that just had it inbetween.
Festinger and Carlsmith’s (1959) study about cognitive dissonance: Participants had to perform a boring task, Afterward, participants were paid either 1 or 20 dollars to say (lie) that the experiment was fun. How many participants from what condition said the experiment was fun?
Results: participants from the 1 dollar condition claimed the experiment was a lot more fun than those from the 20 dollar condition (the 1 dollar condition had insufficient justification for their insufficient behaviour, and therefore actually claimed and perhaps believed that the experiment was fun - the 20 dollar condition did have sufficient external justification for lying.
