Fischer et al. (2011) - The Bystander-Effect: A meta-analytic reveiw on bystander intervention in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies

Question 1

Non-negative bystander-effects in dangerous situations

Answer 1

Bystander-effect is weakened in dangerous emergencies and/or when other bystanders can be (physical) support

Question 2

Reasons for non-negative bystander-effects in dangerous situations

Answer 2

Arousal-cost-reward model: dangerous emergencies result in higher arousal (that we want to get rid of), emergencies being recognised quicker, and thus this results in more (faster) helping

Question 3

3 reasons for bystander-effect

Answer 3

1. Pluralistic ignorance (ambiguity of situation)
2. Diffusion of responsibility
3. Evaluation apprehension

Question 4

Decision tree of helping

Answer 4

1. Recognise situation
2. Is situation an emergency
   pluralistic ignorance + illusion of transperancy
3. How responsible do I feel
   Diffusion of responsibility
4. Does victim deserve help
   Deservedness + helper/victim characteristics
5. Actually help